Exploring the numerical mind by eye-tracking: a special issue

Hartmann, Matthias; Fischer, Martin H.

doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0759-0

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Certain patterns in eye movement, pupil dilation, and eye blinking have been recognized as reliable indicators of mental workload in people of any age [19,63], sometimes offering higher accuracy than conventional methods like Electroencephalography [8]. Through eye tracking, it is also possible to distinguish a user's moments of awareness from moments of distraction and mind wandering [31,84].…”

Section: Monitoring Of Mental Workload and Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from detecting a user's mental presence and measuring the mere intensity of cognitive processing, eye tracking can also provide insights into specific conscious and unconscious thought processes in a large variety of contexts. Among other mental tasks and activities, ocular measures have been used to study memory retrieval [19,31], problem solving [31,75], learning processes [44,69], the formation of expectations [19,27], internal reasoning [19], and mental computations [19,31].…”

Section: Monitoring Of Mental Workload and Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eye tracking has been used extensively in the study of human expertise and to discriminate between performance levels in a variety of areas [30,31,69,75]. For example, gaze behavior can be analyzed to assess reading and listening comprehension skills [10,92].…”

Section: Skill Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking

Kröger

Lutz

Müller

2020

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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Technologies to measure gaze direction and pupil reactivity have become efficient, cheap, and compact and are finding increasing use in many fields, including gaming, marketing, driver safety, military, and healthcare. Besides offering numerous useful applications, the rapidly expanding technology raises serious privacy concerns. Through the lens of advanced data analytics, gaze patterns can reveal much more information than a user wishes and expects to give away. Drawing from a broad range of scientific disciplines, this paper provides a structured overview of personal data that can be inferred from recorded eye activities. Our analysis of the literature shows that eye tracking data may implicitly contain information about a user's biometric identity, gender, age, ethnicity, body weight, personality traits, drug consumption habits, emotional state, skills and abilities, fears, interests, and sexual preferences. Certain eye tracking measures may even reveal specific cognitive processes and can be used to diagnose various physical and mental health conditions. By portraying the richness and sensitivity of gaze data, this paper provides an important basis for consumer education, privacy impact assessments, and further research into the societal implications of eye tracking.

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Section: Monitoring Of Mental Workload and Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring Of Mental Workload and Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking

Kröger

Lutz

Müller

2020

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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“…According to Hartmann and Fischer [31], eye-tracking or eye movement research has two simple assumptions that enable cognitive researchers to ‘read the mind.’ These are that our gaze indicates the object and the intensity of interest in that object [25, 32]. These assumptions have been extensively supported by reading research that links successively fixated and fixation duration to ease of comprehension [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These assumptions have been extensively supported by reading research that links successively fixated and fixation duration to ease of comprehension [33]. Eye-tracking technology is very useful in investigating process model because they provide a wealth of dependent measures [28], which are objective and unobtrusive measure of what is being processed within a defined period [31]. Eye tracking research has been applied to a range of different subject matter, which includes reading, scene perception, usability testing, aviation, or driving [see 34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the implicit models of leadership influence the scanning of other-race faces in adults?

Densten

Borrowman

2017

PLoS ONE

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The current study aims to identify the relationships between implicit leadership theoretical (ILT) prototypes / anti-prototype and five facial features (i.e., nasion, upper nose, lower nose, and upper lip) of a leader from a different race than respondents. A sample of 81 Asian respondents viewed a 30-second video of a Caucasian female who in a non-engaging manner talked about her career achievements. As participants watch the video, their eye movements were recorded via an eye tracking devise. While previous research has identified that ILT influences perceptional and attitudinal ratings of leaders, the current study extends these findings by confirming the impact of ILT on the gaze patterns of other race participants, who appear to adopt system one type thinking. This study advances our understanding in how cognitive categories or schemas influence the physicality of individuals (i.e., eye gaze or movements). Finally, this study confirms that individual ILT factors have a relationship with the eye movements of participants and suggests future research directions.

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Time dependency of the SNARC effect for different number formats: evidence from saccadic responses

Pressigout¹,

Charvillat²,

Mersad³

et al. 2018

Psychological Research

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In line with the suggestion that the strength of the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was time dependent, the aim of the present study was to assess whether the association strength depends on the processing time of numerical quantity and/or of the time to initiate responses. More specifically, we examined whether and how the SNARC effect could be modulated by number format and effector type. Experiment 1 compared the effect induced by Arabic numbers and number words on the basis of saccadic responses in a parity judgment task. Indeed, previous studies have shown that Arabic numbers lead to faster processing than number words. The results replicated the SNARC effect with Arabic numbers, but not with number words. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1, but this time manual responses (i.e., responses far slower than saccadic ones) were recorded. A strong SNARC effect was observed for both number formats. Further analyses revealed a correlation between mean individual response times and the strength of the SNARC effect. We proposed that the initiation times for saccadic responses may be too short for the SNARC effect to appear, in particular with the written number format for which activation of magnitude takes time. We conclude in terms of time variations resulting from processing specificities related with number format, effector type and also individual reaction and processing speed.

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Exploring the numerical mind by eye-tracking: a special issue

Cited by 10 publications

References 90 publications

What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking

What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking

Does the implicit models of leadership influence the scanning of other-race faces in adults?

Time dependency of the SNARC effect for different number formats: evidence from saccadic responses

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