Exploring the Nature of Anion−π Interactions: Complexes of π-Acceptors with Fluoro- or Oxoanions Compared to the Associations with Halides

Abstract

The variations in the nature and properties of the anion−π complexes with different types of anions are identified via experimental (UV–vis and X-ray crystallographic) measurements and computational analysis of the associations of tetracyanopyrazine, tetrafluoro-, or dichlorodicyano-p-benzoquinone. Co-crystals of these π-acceptors with the salts of fluoro- and oxoanions (PF6 –, BF4 –, CF3SO3 –, or ClO4 –) comprised anion−π bonded alternating chains or 1:2 complexes showing interatomic contacts of up to 15% shorter than the van der Waals separations. DFT computations confirmed that binding energies between the neutral π-acceptors and polyatomic noncoordinating oxo- and fluoroanions are comparable to those in the previously reported anion−π complexes with more nucleophilic halides. Yet, while the latter show distinct charge-transfer bands in the UV–vis range, the absorption spectra of the solutions containing oxo- and fluoroanions and the π-acceptors were close to those of the individual reactants. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis revealed a very small charge transfer of Δq = 0.01–0.02 e in the complexes with oxo- or fluoroanions as compared to the Δq = 0.05–0.22 e found for analogous complexes with halides. These distinctions were related to the smaller frontier orbital energy gap and better overlap in the complexes with halides (since the highest occupied orbitals of these monoatomic anions are closer in energy to the lowest unoccupied orbitals of the π-acceptors) as compared to that in the multicenter-bonded associations with polyatomic oxo- and fluoroanions. In accordance with these data, the energy decomposition analysis showed that while the complexes of neutral π-acceptors with the fluoro- and oxoanions are formed predominantly via electrostatic interaction, the associations with halides comprised significant orbital (charge-transfer) interactions and they explain their spectral and structural features.