Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Blue Flower Color Formation in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. “Forever Summer”

Peng, Jiqing; Dong, Xiaohui; Xue, Changxi; Liu, Zhiming; Cao, Fuliang

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.585665

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…There are six main anthocyanins in plants: cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonin, peonidin, malvidin, and petunidin, which can change the color of plants from pink to blue violet ( Kazuma et al, 2003 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). Anthocyanins were detected in this study, mainly including the glucosides of cyanidin, pelargonin, and delphinidin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) With Different Colors

et al. 2021

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Safflower is widely used in dying and in traditional medicine, and C-glucosylquinochalcones are the main metabolic species in the red color of safflower. Various safflower cultivars have flowers with different colors. However, the metabolic and transcriptional differences among safflower cultivars with different-colored flowers and the genes participating in C-glucosylquinochalcone biosynthesis are largely unknown. To provide insights on this issue, we performed integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analyses on the flavonoid biosynthesis of flowers of different colors in safflower (white-W, yellow-Y, light red-LR, and deep red-DR). The metabolic analysis showed that flavonoid metabolites showed great differences among the different colors of safflower. More flavonoid metabolic species were detected in Y and W, while C-glucosylquinochalcones were not detected in W. The content of C-glucosylquinochalcones increased with increasing color. Transcriptional analysis showed that most of the annotated flavonoid biosynthesis genes were significantly increased in W. The expression of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis decreased with increasing color. We analyzed the candidate genes associated with C-glucosylquinochalcones, and an integration of the metabolic and transcriptional analyses indicated that the differential expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene is one of the main reasons for the difference in flavonoid species and content among the different colors of safflower. Combined with the expression pattern analysis, these results indicated that HH_035319, HH_032689, and HH_018025 are likely involved in C-glucosylquinochalcones biosynthesis. In addition, we found that their expression showed greatly increased after the methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Therefore, HH_035319, HH_032689, and HH_018025 might participate in C-glucosylquinochalcone biosynthesis, which ultimately leads to the red color in safflower.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Delphinidin, malvidin, and petunidin are between blue and purple. Accordingly, these compounds can change the color of plants from pink to blue violet ( Kazuma et al, 2003 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). Whether other non-anthocyanidins affect the different colors of flowers is an interesting topic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) With Different Colors

et al. 2021

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“…In lily , four unigenes have been annotated as CHS genes [ 29 ]. In the H. macrophylla ‘Forever Summer’ cultivar, multiple members have been identified for all key structural gene families except for CHI [ 30 ]. In this study, HmCHS1 , HmCHI , HmF3H1 , HmF3 ′ 5 ′ H , HmDFR2 , and HmANS3 were selected as key structural genes participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis in sepals, and other members of their gene families may participate in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in other tissues of H. macrophylla .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Seven Key Structural Genes in the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway in Sepals of Hydrangea macrophylla

Zhang

Chu

et al. 2022

CIMB

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Under specific cultivation conditions, the sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla (H. macrophylla) changes from red to blue due to the complexation of aluminum ions (Al3+), delphinidin 3-glucoside, and copigments. However, this phenomenon cannot occur in all cultivars despite the presence of sufficient Al3+ and copigments. To explore the mechanism of sepal bluing in H. macrophylla, there is an urgent need to study the molecular regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. However, the key structural genes, other than CHS, regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla have not been identified. In this study, based on full-length transcriptome data from H.macrophylla ‘Bailmer’, the key structural genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla were isolated and investigated. Ultimately, seven key structural genes, HmCHS1, HmCHI, HmF3H1, HmF3′H1, HmF3′5′H, HmDFR2, and HmANS3, were demonstrated to show high expression levels in colored sepals. The expression levels of these seven genes increased gradually with the development of sepals and were highest in the full-bloom stage. The trend of gene expression was consistent with the trend of anthocyanin contents. It was concluded that the seven selected genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla. The full-length sequence data have been deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with accession number PRJNA849710. This study lays a good foundation for the further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of sepal coloration in H. macrophylla.

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“…Besides the pigmentation itself, transposable element activity is well-known to change floral color as well, such as in Ipomoea (Clegg and Durbin, 2000 ). The blue/pink pigmentation of H. macrophylla flowers has been studied intensively (Yoshida et al, 2003 ; Oyama et al, 2015 ; Ito et al, 2019 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). More recently, Yoshida et al ( 2021 ) provided experimental evidence for cell color variation in Hydrangea macrophylla sepals where the anthocyanin, 3- O -glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids, and aluminum ions (Al 3+ ) result in graded differences from red, through purple, to blue, even in neighboring cells within a single sepal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Phylogeny, Character Evolution, and Biogeography of Hydrangea Section Cornidia, Hydrangeaceae

et al. 2021

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Background:Hydrangea section Cornidia consists of 26 currently accepted species and a yet undefined number of new species and erroneously synonymized taxa. This clade consists of (sub)tropical lianas occurring from northern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina, and one species from Southeast Asia. Currently, no molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is available that includes more than a few species of this section. Hence, a resolved and well-sampled molecular phylogenetic hypothesis may help to enforce taxonomic decisions. In this study, we present a phylogenetic framework based on sequences from two low copy nuclear genes from a comprehensive taxon sampling of H. section Cornidia and a selection of outgroups. Our phylogenetic reconstructions prove the non-monophyly of the traditionally recognized subsections Monosegia and Polysegia and their corresponding series, Speciosae and Aphananthae, and Synstyleae and Chorystyleae, respectively. Three morphologically defined species were recovered with high support as monophyletic, namely, Hydrangea panamensis, Hydrangea serratifolia, and Hydrangea tarapotensis. However, statistical support for some shallow nodes did not allow to refute, with high support, the monophyly of several of the herein recognized species for which more than one individual could be analyzed. Based on the obtained phylogenetic framework, we reconstructed the evolution of selected reproductive characters. Hydrangea section Cornidia is the only genus section for which dioecism has been extensively documented. Our character reconstruction of sexual dimorphism shows that dioecism is the ancestral state in this section and that this was reversed to monoecy in Hydrangea seemannii and Hydrangea integrifolia. Character reconstruction for the enlarged marginal flowers recovered their presence as the ancestral character state in H. section Cornidia, although at least three internal lineages independently lost them; thus, losses were reconstructed to be more likely than gain. With respect to the flower color, more species exhibit white than red flowers, and white is reconstructed as the ancestral state. Cornidia also shows an unusual disjunct geographic distribution between Asia and Central Mesoamerica—South America, as it is not present in the USA and Canada. The origin of Cornidia is reconstructed to be the New World with higher probability, and the presence of one species in Asia is likely due to long-distance dispersal.

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Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Blue Flower Color Formation in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. “Forever Summer”

Cited by 26 publications

References 68 publications

Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) With Different Colors

Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptome Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) With Different Colors

Identification of Seven Key Structural Genes in the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway in Sepals of Hydrangea macrophylla

Molecular Phylogeny, Character Evolution, and Biogeography of Hydrangea Section Cornidia, Hydrangeaceae

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