Exploring the Mechanism, Advancements, and Application of Thermogalvanic Effect in Hydrogels

Abstract

Comprehensive SummaryThe issue of energy consumption has garnered significant interest due to its excessive usage. Recently, thermoelectric devices have been getting increased attention, as they can harness waste heat from various sources, such as solar radiation, human body, and industrial processes. Traditionally, the recovery of low‐grade heat has been a challenge, resulting in unsustainable energy use and significant losses. While considerable advances have been made in thermoelectric materials in recent decades, the majority of these devices still primarily employ semiconductors. Nevertheless, the emergence of quasi‐solid‐state thermoelectric materials represents a novel development with profound promise for the environment and society. These materials offer several advantages, such as improved energy conversion capacities, cost‐effectiveness, versatility, and scalability, to support increased usage. Additionally, this review explores the application of thermoelectric materials in self‐powered sensors, integrated modules, and heat harvesting management. Lastly, the potential of high‐performance thermocouples based on thermogalvanic effects is assessed, along with the challenges that must be overcome to realize this goal.

Strain-Temperature Dual Sensor Based on Deep Learning Strategy for Human–Computer Interaction Systems

“…To thoroughly assess the operational performance of TE materials, the figure of merit (ZT) is introduced. We commonly utilize the following formula Z T = σ normalS e 2 T / k …”

“…15,16 However, developing a versatile electronic skin using a single sensing material remains a major challenge for widespread adoption. 17 Traditional conductive materials such as metals and organic semiconductors have limitations in flexible electronics due to issues such as a lack of elasticity and biocompatibility and low Seebeck coefficients. 18,19 As a result, hydrogels are emerging as a promising material platform for flexible electronics, offering excellent properties, including flexibility, stretchability, and the ability to detect environmental stimuli such as pressure, strain, and temperature simultaneously, and the advantages of action monitoring under complex conditions through deep learning and super hydrophobicity.…”

“…Recently, due to advances in electronic technology, there has been a significant trend toward smaller, more flexible, and wearable electronic devices. These flexible wearables are highly sensitive, biocompatible, and comfortable and have applications in human medical monitoring, − soft robotics, , electronic skin, , and artificial intelligence. , Current sensor technologies primarily utilize capacitive, , piezoelectric, , resistive, and optical sensing methods. , However, developing a versatile electronic skin using a single sensing material remains a major challenge for widespread adoption …”