Exploring the linkage between PM2.5 levels and COVID-19 spread and its implications for socio-economic circles

The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications on the environment

“…From the table, it is clear that there is a strong link between air quality and COVID-19 infection in both the directions. Air pollution, especially that from Particulate Matter (PM) ( Ali et al, 2021a ) but also from microplastics (MPs) would favor the infection while the atmospheric conditions are important in transmission or dilution of the viral particles. However, there are many evidences showing that COVID-19 government restrictions reduced urban air pollution determining consistent declines.…”

“… 1 Wastewater Ahmed et al, (2020) Wastewater monitoring has great potential to provide early warning signs on how broadly SARS-CoV-2 is circulatingin the community, especially in those individuals showing mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. 1 Ali et al, 2021a , Ali et al, 2021b High incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in American wastewater systems. Wastewater may pose a risk to environmental and public health.…”

Investigating connections between COVID-19 pandemic, air pollution and community interventions for Pakistan employing geoinformation technologies

“…Recently, Sipra et al, (2020) assessed the impact of COVID-19 on the hourly concentrations of PM 2.5 using multifractal analysis in Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan. Similarly, Ali et al (2020) focused on using ground-based PM 2.5 pollution satellite observations (AOD) during the lockdown period (23 March to April 15, 2020) as compared to before lockdown. However, these studies did not take into account the NO 2 which has a significant role in the spread of COVID-19 and predictions model include SIR model.…”

The COVID-19 basic reproductive ratio using SEIR model for the Middle East countries and some other countries for two stages of the disease

“…Some models take the mortality into accounts such as the SIRD model (Susceptible cases of the pandemic individual, Infectious cases of the pandemic individual, Recovered cases of the pandemic individual and Deceased cases of the pandemic individual), and others take the vaccines into accounts such as the SIRV model (Susceptible cases of the pandemic individual, Infectious cases of the pandemic individual, Recovered cases of the pandemic individual and Vaccinated cases of the pandemic individual). The first derivation of epidemiologic models was by Kermack ( 1927 ), Kamara et al ( 2020 ) found analytical solution for post death transmission model for Ebola epidemics, Khan et al ( 2020 ) discussed the effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths for the new coronavirus disease patients, Lifshits and Neklyudova ( 2020 ) discussed mortality rate in Russian regions for the new coronavirus disease, Adedire and Ndam ( 2021 ) applied a model of dual latency compartments for the transmission dynamics of the new coronavirus disease in Nigeria, Neto et al ( 2020 ) discussed the effect of the new coronavirus disease with the fourth industrial revolution, Osemwinyen and Diakhaby ( 2015 ) discussed the transmission of Ebola disease with the models, Rejaur-Rahman et al ( 2020 ) applied geospatial modelling for the new coronavirus disease, Akanda and Ahmed ( 2020 ) discussed the controlling of the disease in Bangladesh regions, Roy et al ( 2020 ) discussed the spatial predication using ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) model, Santosh ( 2020 ) discussed the predication models for the new coronavirus disease with unexploited data, Kadi and Khelfaoui ( 2020 ) and Lounis and Al-Raeei ( 2021 ) applied the models for the spreading of the new coronavirus disease for Algeria, Aabed and Lashin Maha ( 2020 ) applied analytical study of the factors that influence the new coronavirus disease spread, Ali et al ( 2020 ) discussed the linkage between PM 2.5 levels and the new coronavirus disease spread and its implications for socioeconomic circles, Al-Raeei ( 2020a , b , 2021 ) found the indicators of the new coronavirus disease for different location countries over the worldwide, Bhadra et al ( 2020 ) discussed the spreading of the new coronavirus disease with mortality in Indian regions, Fang et al ( 2020 ) applied ARIMA model for Russian regions, Gao et al ( 2007 ) applied SIR model with pulse vaccination and distributed time delay, Gupta et al ( 2020 ) discussed the effects of geographical factors to the new coronavirus disease outbreak in India, Zhu et al ( 2019 ) investigated the spreading process of the epidemics on multiplex networks by incorporating fatal properties, and Aidoo et al ( 2021 ) discussed the effects of the weather on the spreading of the new coronavirus disease in Ghana. In th...…”