“…In order to improve the spatial ability (i.e., spatial relations, spatial visualization, and spatial orientation) of new engineering students, VR and AR were used in a training experiment (Roca-González, Martin-Gutierrez, García-Dominguez, & Carrodeguas, 2017). Recently, stereoscopic 3D (S3D) displays, which have binocular disparity, have been used to present teaching materials for product design education or architecture design education (Smith et al, 2005;Chen, Cheng, Chu, & Sandnes, 2015). However, given the contributions from many research groups, some literature has still reported that the existing VR systems were not suitable to support the learning process of industrial design students and it was necessary to develop a designer-oriented VR system (Liang et al, 2016).…”