Exploring the Influence of Human Activities and the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Air Quality in Rajasthan, India

Abstract

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationships between human activities, air quality dynamics, and the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in seven major cities in Rajasthan, India—Ajmer, Alwar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Pali, and Udaipur. This study meticulously examined the fluctuations in the concentrations of key pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2) from 2018 to 2022, covering the prelockdown, lockdown, and postlockdown phases. Significant reductions in air pollutant concentrations were observed during the lockdown period, attributed to decreased anthropogenic activities, notably vehicular emissions and industrial operations. However, postlockdown, a rebound effect was observed, indicating challenges in sustaining air quality improvements amid economic resurgence. Notable findings include substantial declines in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 levels during the lockdown, followed by increases to varying degrees postlockdown. The cities of Ajmer, Alwar, and Jaipur demonstrated divergent trends in pollutant concentrations, emphasizing the complex interplay between environmental factors and human behavior. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on air quality management by providing insights into the impacts of temporary interventions, such as lockdowns, on urban air quality dynamics. The findings underscore the need for holistic approaches integrating environmental policies, industrial regulations, and public health initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and safeguard public health and environmental well-being in urban regions.