“…The independent variables included the demographic characteristics of the offenders, amount of money involved, criminal environment and type of crime (Table 1). Among the demographic characteristics, gender, age, employment, criminal record, educational level and place of household registration are assumed to be important variables influencing offenders' travel distances (Ackerman & Rossmo, 2015; Andresen et al., 2014; Bernasco et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2022). In terms of the place of household registration, in addition to its central urban districts, Changchun also covers five suburban counties (cities) and districts: Dehui, Jiutai District, Nong'an County, Yushu and Shuangyang District.…”