Exploring the feasibility of Salmonella Typhimurium-specific phage as a novel bio-receptor

Abstract

The purpose of this study was aimed to isolate a Salmonella Typhimurium-specific phage (KFS-ST) from washing water in a poultry processing facility and to investigate the feasibility of the KFS-ST as a novel bio-receptor for the magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor method. KFS-ST against S. Typhimurium was isolated, propagated, and purified using a CsCl-gradient ultracentrifugation. Morphological characteristics of KFS-ST were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Its specificity and efficiency of plating analysis were conducted against 39 foodborne pathogens. The temperature and pH stabilities of KFS-ST were investigated by the exposure of the phage to various temperatures (−70℃-70℃) and pHs (1-12) for 1 h. A one-step growth curve analysis was performed to determine the eclipse time, latent time and burst size of phage. The storage stability of KFS-ST was studied by exposing KFS-ST to various storage temperatures (−70℃, −20℃, 4℃, and 22℃) for 12 weeks. KFS-ST was isolated and purified with a high concentration of (11.47 ± 0.25) Log PFU/mL. It had an icosahedral head (56.91 ± 2.90 nm) and a non-contractile tail (225.49 ± 2.67 nm), which was classified into the family of Siphoviridae in the order of Caudovirales. KFS-ST exhibited an excellent specificity against only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, which are considered two of the most problematic Salmonella strains in the meat and poultry. However, KFS-ST did not exhibit any specificity against six other Salmonella and 27 non-Salmonella strains. KFS-ST was stable at temperature of 4℃ to 50℃ and at pH of 4 to 12. The eclipse time, latent time, and burst size of KFS-ST were determined to be 10 min, 25 min and 26 PFU/ infected cell, respectively. KFS-ST was relatively stable during the 12-week storage period at all tested temperatures. Therefore, this study demonstrated the feasibility of KFS-ST as a novel bio-receptor for the detection of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in meat and poultry products using the ME biosensor method.

The targeted anti-Salmonella bacteriophage attenuated the inflammatory response of laying hens challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum

“…Lesions of Salmonella infection appear in the liver and spleen tissues because of bacteremia, which extensively spreads in the organism ( Shao et al, 2013 ; Da Silva et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2021 ). The unique vascular system in the liver indicates the sensitivity to inflammation by intestinal-secreted pathogen-associated molecules, as well as danger-associated molecular patterns in hepatocytes ( Lee et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Infection, cirrhosis, leukemia, and injury are the main reasons for increasing spleen size ( Gent and Blackie, 2017 ). Hypertrophy is the response of the spleen to intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by Salmonella , which results in splenic lesions and hyperplasia ( Oh et al, 2010 ; Choi et al, 2020 ). In agreement, laying hens challenged with S. Typhimurium ( Oh et al, 2010 ; Tian et al, 2018 ) showed a higher relative weight of liver and spleen.…”

“…This is an important issue in breeder farms through transferring Salmonella to their progeny by polluted eggs. The use of nonantibiotic factors such as probiotics ( Hosseindoust et al, 2018 ) and bacteriophage ( Adhikari et al, 2017 ; Choi et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2021 ) have shown preventive and therapeutic effects on Salmonella infection control through the gastrointestinal tract. The specificity of bacteriophages in omitting the targeted pathogens increases its importance to be used in challenged laying hens.…”

Biological and Genetic Characterizations of a Novel Lytic ΦFifi106 against Indigenous Erwinia amylovora and Evaluation of the Control of Fire Blight in Apple Plants

“…The latent period was defined as the time interval between the infection and the release of the first phage from the host. The burst size was calculated as the ratio of the final count of free phage particles after the rise phase to their initial count during the latent period [ 29 ].…”

Isolation, characterization and application of bacteriophage PSDA-2 against Salmonella Typhimurium in chilled mutton

“…More than 2,600 Salmonella serotypes have been isolated up to date. Among them, nearly 99% of Salmonella serotypes can infect humans or animals [ 1 , 2 ]. It is estimated that Salmonella cause 115 million human infections and 370 thousand deaths annually [ 3 ].…”