“…Existing studies on bus travel can be roughly divided into two types: first, those investigating factors affecting the use of buses (Brechan, 2017;Buehler, 2011;Chakrabarti & Joh, 2019;Chng et al, 2016;Ding et al, 2017;Ha et al, 2020;Ng & Acker, 2018;O'Fallon et al, 2004;Paulley et al, 2006;Rachele et al, 2015;Rasca & Saeed, 2022), and second, studies exploring the relationship between car ownership and bus use (Balcombe et al, 2004;Chakrabarti, 2017;Eriksson et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2003;Liu & Cirillo, 2015;Yao et al, 2021). Although some studies have considered the effect of car ownership and car use on bus travel (Rasca & Saeed, 2022;Yao et al, 2021), few have examined the influence of other travel modes, such as walking and cycling. Additionally, previous studies have paid scant attention to discussing the possibility of using buses for journeys of different travel times or over different distances.…”