Exploring the effects of salinization on trophic diversity in freshwater ecosystems: a quantitative review

Castillo, Anakena M.; Sharpe, Diana M. T.; Ghalambor, Cameron K.; León, Luis F. De

doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3403-0

Cited by 93 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…For a review of the impact of salinization on freshwater organisms, see Castillo et al. (). However, all species are not equally sensitive to water conductivity.…”

Section: Impact Of Urbanization On the Biodiversity Of Urban Ponds Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The salinization of urban waterbodies is an emerging problem and is forecasted to increase in the future, especially in regions with cold climate. For a review of the impact of salinization on freshwater organisms, see Castillo et al (2018). However, all species are not equally sensitive to water conductivity.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxicity is likely related to loss of osmoregulatory control as a result of NaCl exposure (Jones et al 2015). The negative impacts of salinity on biodiversity have been demonstrated for several other taxonomic groups, and microinvertebrates appear to be particularly sensitive to salinity (Castillo et al 2018). Cascade effects across an entire trophic chain have also been reported: When zooplankton are negatively impacted, algae or phytoplankton growth can be stimulated (Van Meter et al 2011b, Jones et al 2017.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: Toward management of urban ponds for freshwater biodiversity

2019

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Many cities around the world are expanding and this trend in urbanization is expected to sharply increase over coming decades. At the same time, the integration of green and blue spaces is widely promoted in urban development, potentially offering numerous benefits for biodiversity. This is particularly relevant for urban waterbodies, a type of ecosystem present in most cities. However, site managers often lack the knowledge base to promote biodiversity in these waterbodies, which are generally created to provide other ecosystem services. To address this, our review presents guidelines for promoting biodiversity in urban ponds. We found a total of 516 publications indexed in ISI Web of Sciences related to this topic, of which 279 were retained for the purposes of our review. The biodiversity of urban ponds, measured by species richness, appears to be generally lower than in rural ponds; however, urban ponds often support threatened species. Furthermore, if well managed, urban ponds have the potential to support a much greater biodiversity than they currently do. Indeed, this review shows that a range of urban factors can impair or promote pond biodiversity, including many that can easily be controlled by site managers. Local factors include design (surface area, pond depth, banks and margins, shade, shoreline irregularity), water quality (conductivity, nutrients, heavy metals), and hydroperiod and biotic characteristics (stands of vegetation, fish, invasive species). Important regional factors include several indicators of urbanization (roads, buildings, density of population, impervious surfaces, car traffic), and the presence of other wetlands or green spaces in the surrounding landscape. We considered each of these factors and their potential impact on freshwater biodiversity. Taking into account the management measures listed in the publications reviewed, we have proposed a framework for the management of urban ponds, with guidelines to promote biodiversity and other ecosystem services, and to avoid ecosystem disservices or the creation of ecological traps. At the city scale, the biodiversity of a pondscape benefits from a high diversity of pond types, differing in their environmental characteristics and management.

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“…For a review of the impact of salinization on freshwater organisms, see Castillo et al. (). However, all species are not equally sensitive to water conductivity.…”

Section: Impact Of Urbanization On the Biodiversity Of Urban Ponds Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: Toward management of urban ponds for freshwater biodiversity

2019

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“…The loss of species at such low salinity in nature and the results of single species toxicity testing suggest physiological harm in a significant proportion of Ephemeroptera [17,18] at salinities that cannot be explained by a widely accepted conceptual model of osmoregulation [19]. This paper conceptually summarizes this accepted conventional model and considers three conceptual hypotheses that can explain the mortality of mayflies and their loss in nature at low salinities in freshwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) lost following small increases in salinity? Three conceptual osmophysiological hypotheses

Kefford

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The salinity of many freshwaters is increasing globally as a result of human activities. Associated with this increase in salinity are losses of Ephemeroptera (mayfly) abundance and richness. The salinity concentrations at which Ephemeroptera decline in nature are lower than their internal salinity or haemolymph osmolality. Many species also suffer substantial mortality in single species laboratory toxicity tests at salinities lower than their internal salinity. These findings are problematic as conventional osmoregulation theory suggests that freshwater animals should not experience stress where external osmolality is greater than haemolymph osmolality. Here I explore three hypotheses to explain salt sensitivity in Ephemeroptera. These conceptual hypotheses are based on the observations that as the external sodium ion (Na + ) concentration increases so does the Na + turnover rate (both uptake and elimination rates increase). Sulphate ( ) uptake in mayflies also increases with increasing external although, unlike Na + , its rate of increase decreases with increasing external . The first hypothesis is premised on ion turnover being energetically costly. The first hypothesis proposes that individuals must devote a greater proportion of their energy to ion homeostasis at the expense of other uses including growth and development. Lethal levels of salinity presumably result from individuals not being able to devote enough energy to maintain ion homeostasis without critical loss of other vital functions. The second hypothesis is premised on the uptake of Na + exchanged for (an outgoing) H + , leading to (localized) loss of pH regulation. The third hypothesis is premised on localized Na + toxicity or poisoning with increased Na turnover as salinity increases. None of the proposed hypotheses is without potential problems, yet all are testable, and research effort should be focused at attempting to falsify them. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

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“…Assessing the patterns and drivers of macroinvertebrate diversity at different scales is particularly relevant, given the increasing rate of environmental degradation in Neotropical regions [31–34]. This includes alterations such as introduction of alien species [35,36], habitat degradation, water pollution, and climate change [31,34,37,38]□. In consequence, a large portion of this biodiversity risks being lost before discovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hidden biodiversity in Neotropical streams: DNA barcoding uncovers high endemicity of freshwater macroinvertebrates at small spatial scales

Leon

Cornejo

Gavilán

et al. 2020

Preprint

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23 Aquatic macroinvertebrates play a crucial role in freshwater ecosystems, but their diversity 24 remains poorly known, particularly in the tropics. This "taxonomic void" represents limits our 25 understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes in freshwater ecosystems, and the scale at 26 which they operate. We used DNA barcoding to estimate lineage diversity (and the diversity of 27 unique haplotypes) in 224 specimens of freshwater macroinvertebrates at a small spatial scale 28 within the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW). In addition, we compiled available barcoding data 29 to assess macroinvertebrate diversity at a broader spatial scale spanning the Isthmus of Panama.30 Consistently across two species delimitation algorithms (i.e., ABGD and GMYC), we found high 31 lineage diversity within the PCW, with ~ 100-106 molecular operational taxonomic units 32 (MOTUs at 2% sequence divergence) across 168 unique haplotypes. We also found a high 33 lineage diversity along the Isthmus of Panama, but this diversity peaked within the PCW. 34 However, our rarefaction/extrapolation approach showed that this diversity remains under 35 sampled. As expected, these results indicate that the diversity of Neotropical freshwater 36 macroinvertebrates is higher than previously thought, with the possibility of high endemicity 37 even at narrow spatial scales. Geographic isolation is likely a main factor shaping these patterns 38 of diversity. However, local disturbances such as the rupture of the continental divide due to the 39 construction of the Panama Canal might be reshaping these patterns of diversity at a local scale.40 Although further work is needed to better understand the processes driving diversification in 41 freshwater macroinvertebrates, we suggest that Neotropical streams represent continental islands 42 of diversity. Understanding these islands of diversity is crucial in the face of increasing human 43 disturbance. 3 44 Introduction 45 Aquatic macroinvertebrates are a fundamental component of Neotropical freshwater 46 environments. They mediate important processes such as food web dynamics, energy flow and 47 nutrient cycling, and therefore play a central role in sustaining the biodiversity and functioning 48 of freshwater ecosystems [1-3]. However, the diversity of Neotropical freshwater 49 macroinvertebrates remains poorly described, and even less is known about the processes that 50 drive their diversity, and the scale at which they operate [4]. For instance, despite considerable 51 efforts by local taxonomists [e.g., 5-8], only a limited number of species are recognized (e.g. , 52 [9,10], and most of the published literature use genus and family as a standard taxonomic unit for 53 Neotropical macroinvertebrates [9,[11][12][13][14][15]. This is partially due to the complexity of these 54 communities, which are often composed of multiple life-stages existing at the interface between 55 the terrestrial and aquatic environment [16,17]. Another limitation is the low accuracy and 56 precision of traditional morpholo...

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Exploring the effects of salinization on trophic diversity in freshwater ecosystems: a quantitative review

Cited by 93 publications

References 98 publications

Review: Toward management of urban ponds for freshwater biodiversity

Review: Toward management of urban ponds for freshwater biodiversity

Why are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) lost following small increases in salinity? Three conceptual osmophysiological hypotheses

Hidden biodiversity in Neotropical streams: DNA barcoding uncovers high endemicity of freshwater macroinvertebrates at small spatial scales

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