Exploring the Effective Use of the Vocabulary/Block Design Short form with a Special School Population

Herrera-Graf, Mercedes; Dipert, Z. Jayne; Hinton, Richard N.

doi:10.1177/0013164496056003014

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The V‐BD short form is often used to estimate full scale IQ (FSIQ) according to the algorithm [2.9*(sum of normed scores) + 42] (Campbell ). The V‐BD short form correlates highly with full scale IQ ( r = .88) (Herreragraf et al ) and the V‐BD short form has been found valid for the estimation of intelligence, with a good reliability ( r = .91) and validity (.82) (Campbell ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive dysfunction and the relation with behavioral problems in children with 47,XXY and 47,XXX

Rijn

Swaab

2015

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Neuroimaging studies have shown that having an extra X chromosome is associated with abnormal structure and function of brain areas in the frontal lobe, which is crucially involved in executive functioning. However, there is little of knowledge of the type and severity of executive dysfunction, and the impact on emotional and behavioral problems. The present study aims to provide in this. In total, 40 children (23 boys with 47,XXY and 17 girls with 47,XXX) with an extra X chromosome and 100 non-clinical controls (47 boys and 53 girls) participated in the study. The participants were 9-18 years old. Processing speed and executive functioning were assessed using the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Testbattery (ANT) and the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). Problems in emotional and behavioral functioning were assessed with the Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Children with an extra X chromosome showed deficits in inhibition, mental flexibility, sustained attention and visual working memory. Parental report showed high levels of everyday manifestations of executive dysfunction. More severe inhibition difficulties were associated with higher levels of thought problems, aggression and rule breaking behavior. Boys and girls with an extra X chromosome could not be differentiated based on severity of executive dysfunction, however, girls had lower information processing speed than boys. These findings suggest that executive dysfunction may be part of the phenotype of children with an extra X chromosome, impacting the ability to function adequately in everyday life. Furthermore, children with impairments in inhibition may have more problems in regulating their thinking, emotions and behavior.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive dysfunction and the relation with behavioral problems in children with 47,XXY and 47,XXX

Rijn

Swaab

2015

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…The V-BD short form is often used to estimate full scale IQ (FSIQ) according to the algorithm (2.9 × (sum of normed scores) + 42) [ 16 ]. The V-BD short form correlates highly with WISC full scale IQ ( r = .88) [ 29 ] and has been found valid for the estimation of intelligence, with good reliability ( r = .91) and validity (.82) [ 16 ]. There was a significant effect of group on IQ [ F (2,44) = 11.73; p < .001], with the 47, XXY ( n = 15) group having a significantly lower IQ than both controls ( n = 16) and the ASD group ( n = 16) ( p < .001 in both instances).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural systems for social cognition: gray matter volume abnormalities in boys at high genetic risk of autism symptoms, and a comparison with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder

Goddard

Swaab

Rombouts

et al. 2015

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) is associated with several physical, cognitive, and behavioral consequences. In terms of social development, there is an increased risk of autism symptomatology. However, it remains unclear how social deficits are related to abnormal brain development and to what degree underlying mechanisms of social dysfunction in 47, XXY are similar to, or different from, those in idiopathic autism (ASD). This study was aimed at investigating the neural architecture of brain structures related to social information processing in boys with 47, XXY, also in comparison with boys with idiopathic ASD. MRI scans of 16 boys with 47, XXY, 16 with ASD, and 16 nonclinical, male controls were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). A region of interest mask containing the superior temporal cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insular cortex, and medial frontal cortex was used. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) was used to assess degree of autism spectrum symptoms. The 47, XXY group could not be distinguished from the ASD group on mean SRS scores, and their scores were significantly higher than in controls. VBM showed that boys with 47, XXY have significant gray matter volume reductions in the left and right insula, and the left OFC, compared with controls and boys with ASD. Additionally, boys with 47, XXY had significantly less gray matter in the right superior temporal gyrus than controls. These results imply social challenges associated with 47, XXY may be rooted in neural anatomy, and autism symptoms in boys with 47, XXY and boys with ASD might have, at least partially, different underlying etiologies.

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“…This short form can be used to estimate full scale IQ (FSIQ) according to the algorithm (2.9*(sum of normed scores)+42) [45]. The V-BD short form correlates high with full scale IQ ( r = .88) [46] and the V-BD short form has been found valid for the estimation of intelligence, with a good reliability ( r = .91) and validity (.82) [45].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Attention, Affective Arousal and Empathy in Men with Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY): Evidence from Eyetracking and Skin Conductance

et al. 2014

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Individuals with an extra X chromosome (Klinefelter syndrome) are at risk for problems in social functioning and have an increased vulnerability for autism traits. In the search for underlying mechanisms driving this increased risk, this study focused on social attention, affective arousal and empathy. Seventeen adults with XXY and 20 non-clinical controls participated in this study. Eyetracking was used to investigate social attention, as expressed in visual scanning patterns in response to the viewing of empathy evoking video clips. Skin conductance levels, reflecting affective arousal, were recorded continuously during the clips as well. Empathic skills, i.e. participants' understanding of own and others' emotions in response to the clips was also assessed. Results showed reduced empathic understanding, decreased visual fixation to the eye region, but increased affective arousal in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome. We conclude that individuals with XXY tend to avoid the eye region. Considering the increased affective arousal, we speculate that this attentional deployment strategy may not be sufficient to successfully downregulate affective hyper-responsivity. As increased affective arousal was related to reduced empathic ability, we hypothesize that own affective responses to social cues play an important role in difficulties in understanding the feelings and intentions of others. This knowledge may help in the identification of risk factors for psychopathology and targets for treatment.

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Exploring the Effective Use of the Vocabulary/Block Design Short form with a Special School Population

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Executive dysfunction and the relation with behavioral problems in children with 47,XXY and 47,XXX

Executive dysfunction and the relation with behavioral problems in children with 47,XXY and 47,XXX

Neural systems for social cognition: gray matter volume abnormalities in boys at high genetic risk of autism symptoms, and a comparison with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder

Social Attention, Affective Arousal and Empathy in Men with Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY): Evidence from Eyetracking and Skin Conductance

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