“…Positivist critiques of qualitative approaches attacked their particularity, the supposed over-identification with the subject, and the apparent partiality . Thus defined, qualitative approaches were limited to explorations of so-called urban `ways of life', although the status of these ways of life as specifically or causatively urban has long been rightly ques tioned (Gans, 1962 ;Hannerz, 1980 ;Jackson, 1985). Only recently have urbanists begun to reassess the contribution made by the Chicago School and foreground the important contributions that may be made using a specifically qualitative approach within urban studies (Hannerz, 1980 ;Hammersley and Atkinson, 1983 ;Jackson, 1985) .…”