Exploring the Chemical Composition of Bulgarian Lavender Absolute (Lavandula Angustifolia Mill.) by GC/MS and GC-FID

Abstract

Lavender (L. angustifolia Mill.) is an important essential oil-bearing and medicinal plant with high commercial value. Lavender scent components can be derived not only as an essential oil but also as lavender concrete or absolute. The development of reliable analytical methods for origin assessment and quality assurance is of significant fundamental importance and high practical interest. Therefore, a comprehensive chemical profiling of seven industrial samples of Bulgarian lavender absolute (L. angustifolia Mill.) was performed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). As a result, 111 individual compounds were identified by GC/MS, and their quantitative content was simultaneously determined by GC-FID, representing 94.28–97.43% of the total contents of the lavender absolute. According to our results, the main constituents of lavender absolute (LA) are representatives of the terpene compounds (with the dominating presence of oxygenated monoterpenes, 52.83–80.55%), followed by sesquiterpenes (7.80–15.21%) and triterpenoids (as minor components). Coumarins in various amounts (1.79–14.73%) and aliphatic compounds (hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, etc.) are found, as well. The acyclic monoterpene linalool is the main terpene alcohol and, together with its ester linalyl acetate, are the two main constituents in the LAs. Linalool was found in concentrations of 27.33–38.24% in the LA1-LA6 samples and 20.74% in the LA7 samples. The amount of linalyl acetate was in the range of 26.58 to 37.39% in the LA1–LA6 samples, while, surprisingly, it was not observed in LA7. This study shows that the chemical profile of the studied LAs is close to the lavender essential oil (LO), fulfilling most of the requirements of the International Standard ISO 3515:2002.

Severe allergic contact dermatitis to coumarin contained in a perfume mimicking skin drug reaction

“…The patient's first perfume contained 0.0881% of coumarin according to the manufacturer and the second perfume also contained coumarin. Furthermore, coumarins can be found in various amounts (1.79%–14.73%) in lavender absolute 5 . Our patient was specifically sensitized to coumarin but he was exposed to several mixtures of fragrances.…”

“…Furthermore, coumarins can be found in various amounts (1.79%-14.73%) in lavender absolute. 5 Our patient was specifically sensitized to coumarin but he was exposed to several mixtures of fragrances. It is of interest to point out that Bonefeld et al…”

Evaluation of the quality of some widely used essential oils according to the specifications given in Turkish Pharmacopeia 2017

“…The use of essential oils has been expanded from ancient times to this century and now, it is a big market which has significant demand and use in the fields of food, health, cosmetics, and cosmeceuticals. In the field of healthcare, essential oils are used in aromatherapy applications, oral and dental care products, and veterinary medicines [4].…”

Critical assessment of the endocrine potential of Linalool and Linalyl acetate: proactive testing strategy assessing estrogenic and androgenic activity of Lavender oil main components

“…LinAc is the acetic ester of Lin and hydrolyses quickly to release the acyclic linear monoterpene alcohol Lin (OECD SIDS). The respective natural EOs constitute of high amounts of Lin and LinAc and lavender oil is a well-known example containing up to 80% Lin and LinAc depending on the natural impact on the harvest and contributing factors such as region and climate (Wang et al 2021 ; Nedeltcheva-Antonova et al 2022 ). In addition, the naturally occurring Lin and LinAc can also be produced synthetically.…”