Exploring the Associations between Happiness, Lifesatisfaction, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation among Adults during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia

Abstract

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a world health crisis, but also an ordeal for people’s mental health and psychological well-being. The period of the COVID-19 lockdown has changed everyday life and increased anxiety, fears, and stress from habitual activities such as meetings, shopping, and the use of public transport. As the worry and nervousness increase, they threaten the cognitive (Life-satisfaction) and emotional (Happiness) components of well-being. Emotional regulation strategies are a mechanism to cope with the threat. Objective. This study assessed the impact of anxiety, perceived stress from COVID-19, and emotional regulation strategies on well-being during the first weeks of the lockdown in Russia. Design. Questionnaire-based surveys were conducted online from March 31 to April 30, 2020. A total of 589 participants (18 to 73 years of age) were recruited. The Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Perceived Source of Stress from COVID-19 scales were used. Results. Among the various sources of stress, only that from restrictions on everyday life impacted well-being. High anxiety, but not perceived stress, decreased the feelings of Happiness and Life-satisfaction. Additionally, emotional regulation strategies played different roles in their impact on well-being: Cognitive reappraisal lowered negative emotions, but emotional suppression increased dissatisfaction with life. Conclusion. These findings suggest that people’s effective and relevant regulation of their emotions during public health emergencies and ability to avoid losses caused by crisis events, have become urgent needs, requiring the development of psychological interventions to support well-being.

The relationship between personality traits and happiness: the mediating role of emotional regulation

“…Personality traits, particularly the Big Five, significantly influence happiness [ 12 ] Traits like emotional stability, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness correlate with higher life and work satisfaction, strengthening with age. Based on the process model, emotional regulation is seen as a key factor in determining happiness and overall well-being [ 13 , 14 ]. This perspective emphasizes aligning experienced emotions with desired emotions through conscientious efforts [ 15 ].…”

Is Frequency of Practice of Different Types of Physical Activity Associated with Health and a Healthy Lifestyle at Different Ages?

“…Older adults commonly engage in outdoor leisure activities and low-intensity physical activity such as gardening [28][29][30][31][32]. These activities have positive effects on physical and mental health [29,[33][34][35][36][37], including self-esteem, self-motivation, willpower, and problemsolving abilities [38,39]. Higher education levels are associated with increased leisure time physical activity [40].…”

“…Higher education levels are associated with increased leisure time physical activity [40]. Active older adults have better health outcomes and visit doctors less frequently [36][37][38]41].…”