“…Various worldwide research shows immense potential for applications of seashells. Recently, they have been used to produce hydroxyapatite [7], nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) [8], apatite nanoparticles [9], calcite lime [10], CaO [11,12], bio-filler in polypropylene [13], matte glaze [14], cement clinker [15], cementitious construction materials [16], expansive additive in cement mortar [17], adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption [18], adsorbent for sulfate and metals removal [19], covalently functionalized biogenic CaCO 3 [20], calcined mussel shell powder (CMSP) for antistatic oil-removal [21]. However, in Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, a country with the highest bivalve (cockles, mussels, and oysters) production, the waste shell recycling means is not created appropriately, and these wastes are mainly dumped in the near areas affecting an environmental issue [22,23].…”