“…Some of the other areas of student struggle that have been investigated include basic formalism [15,16], wavefunctions [17,18], measurement [15,17,19,20], and transferring learning from one context to other contexts [12,21]. Prior research also suggests that research-validated learning tools can effectively address such difficulties [22][23][24][25], including with concepts of basis and change of basis [26,27]. For example, Quantum Interactive Learning Tutorials (QuILTs), developed and validated by our group, have been implemented with positive learning outcomes on a number of QM topics [28][29][30].…”