Exploring strategies to operationalize cognitive reserve: A systematic review of reviews

Harrison, Stephanie L; Sajjad, Ayesha; Bramer, Wichor M.; Ikram, M. Arfan; Tiemeier, Henning; Stephan, Blossom C. M.

doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.1002759

Cited by 116 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Education might also reflect a better socioeconomic status and thus a better access to healthcare. Nevertheless, these other markers of cognitive reserve might have the same limitations as the educational level, and education remains the most used measure of cognitive reserve in existing literature [36,37,38]. Second, we could not adjust for brain reserve in our study, since brain volumes were not available in this population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps people with higher education and, consequently, higher cognitive reserve are more resilient to the damage caused by a stroke or TIA either due to better efficiency or more capacity or flexibility of brain networks already present before the damage (neural reserve) or because of better compensation for the damage (neural compensation). Neural compensation pertains to the ability of persons with higher cognitive reserve, to form collateral networks in the brain, when the usual neuronal networks are compromised by the vascular damage [4,36,37]. Studies have suggested that cognitively stimulating activities, which are mostly experienced during education, not only promote neurogenesis but also upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which in turn promotes plasticity [3,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher Education Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia after a Stroke or TIA. The Rotterdam Study

Mirza¹,

Portegies

Wolters

et al. 2016

Neuroepidemiology

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Background: Higher education is associated with a lower risk of dementia, possibly because of a higher tolerance to subclinical neurodegenerative pathology. Whether higher education also protects against dementia after clinical stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) remains unknown. Methods: Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, 12,561 participants free of stroke, TIA and dementia were followed for occurrence of stroke, TIA and dementia. Across the levels of education, associations of incident stroke or TIA with subsequent development of dementia and differences in cognitive decline following stroke or TIA were investigated. Results: During 124,862 person-years, 1,463 persons suffered a stroke or TIA, 1,158 persons developed dementia, of whom 186 developed dementia after stroke or TIA. Risk of dementia after a stroke or TIA, compared to no stroke or TIA, was highest in the low education category (hazards ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.18-1.81) followed by intermediate education category (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.81). No significant association was observed in the high education category (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.25-1.54). In gender stratified analyses, decrease in risk of dementia with increasing education was significant only in men. Conclusion: Higher education is associated with a lower risk of dementia after stroke or TIA, particularly in men, which might be explained by a higher cognitive reserve.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Education Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia after a Stroke or TIA. The Rotterdam Study

Mirza¹,

Portegies

Wolters

et al. 2016

Neuroepidemiology

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“…Studies in humans have also demonstrated a link between music training early in life and better auditory processing skills later in life, especially in challenging listening environments (39)(40)(41). Although early training in younger life has been shown to confer enduring neurobehavioral advantages and to contribute to positive brain health benefits sustained into older ages, scientists still incompletely understand the basis of this "cognitive reserve" (42,43). However, higher SOP, the accurate reception of target stimuli in the presence of confusable distractors, and the retained connectional integrity of forebrain systems, all of which were intensely engaged by our simple training task, provide key indices of the measured level of protection that is commonly attributed to this "reserve" (2,43,44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive impacts of early auditory training on cortical processing at an older age

Cheng

Jia

Zhang

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Progressive negative behavioral changes in normal aging are paralleled by a complex series of physical and functional declines expressed in the cerebral cortex. In studies conducted in the auditory domain, these degrading physical and functional cortical changes have been shown to be broadly reversed by intensive progressive training that improves the spectral and temporal resolution of acoustic inputs and suppresses behavioral distractors. Here we found older rats that were intensively trained on an attentionally demanding modulation-rate recognition task in young adulthood substantially retained training-driven improvements in temporal rate discrimination abilities over a subsequent 18-mo epoch-that is, forward into their older age. In parallel, this young-adult auditory training enduringly enhanced temporal and spectral information processing in their primary auditory cortices (A1). Substantially greater numbers of parvalbumin-and somatostatin-labeled inhibitory neurons (closer to the numbers recorded in young vigorous adults) were recorded in the A1 and hippocampus in old trained versus untrained age-matched rats. These results show that a simple form of training in young adulthood in this rat model enduringly delays the otherwise expected deterioration of the physical status and functional operations of the auditory nervous system, with evident training impacts generalized to the hippocampus.aging | auditory cortex | behavioral training | cortical processing | inhibition A degradation of the status of physical brain machinery, expressed by a decline in its temporal processing abilities, has been repeatedly associated with its deteriorating functional status in normal aging (1-4). Recent studies have shown that the machinery that supports processing accuracy and speed, as well as the processes supporting attention control and distractor suppression, can be substantially rejuvenated via simple forms of intensive training in the aged-rat model (4, 5). With auditory perceptual training, in parallel with recovery in behavioral abilities to that matching young-animal performance levels, serials of key physical, chemical, and functional aspects of cortical processing machinery in the trained rats were shown to be restored to a physical or functional status that approached that normally recorded in vigorous young-adult animals.In human studies, substantial changes in speed of processing (SOP) and in other spectro-temporal (or spatiotemporal) signal resolution of performance abilities have been shown to result from attention-demanding, speed-challenged auditory (3, 5-7) or visual training (8-11). For example, the accurate behavioral identification and stimulus-order reconstruction of rapidly successive auditory stimuli was restored in human individuals trained in their eighth decade of life to a performance level normally typifying human performance abilities recorded in their third or fourth decade (3, 6).Our goal here was to define the magnitude and endurance of an intense dose of attention-demanding modulation di...

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“…At best, attempts to operationalise and measure CR (Harrison et al, 2015) represent proxy measures with differing levels of construct validity. Various studies have used single proxy measures to infer the impact of CR on cognitive performance and rate of age-related cognitive decline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sending your grandparents to university increases cognitive reserve: The Tasmanian Healthy Brain Project.

et al. 2016

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Results Growth Mixture Modelling demonstrated that 44.3% of the control sample showed no change in CR whereas 92.5% further education participants displayed a significant linear increase in CR over the 4 years of the study. These results indicate that older adults engaging in high level mental stimulation display an increase in CR over a 4 year period.Conclusions Increasing mental activity in older adulthood may be a viable strategy to improve cognitive function and offset cognitive decline associated with normal aging.3

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Exploring strategies to operationalize cognitive reserve: A systematic review of reviews

Cited by 116 publications

References 38 publications

Higher Education Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia after a Stroke or TIA. The Rotterdam Study

Higher Education Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia after a Stroke or TIA. The Rotterdam Study

Positive impacts of early auditory training on cortical processing at an older age

Sending your grandparents to university increases cognitive reserve: The Tasmanian Healthy Brain Project.

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