“…ICZM has been widely recognized as an essential paradigm for the sustainable coastal zone and the most appropriate process for dealing with long-term challenges (Koutrakis et al, 2011), such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, land use change, and environmental pollution (Deboudt et al, 2008;Pinto and Martins, 2013;Gari et al, 2014;Allenbach et al, 2015;Albotoush and Shau-Hwai, 2019;Khelil et al, 2019;Papatheochari and Coccossis, 2019). To date, ICZM has been implemented in a large number of coastal countries, such as China, the USA, Australia, and Spain, and certain achievements have been made (Chen et al, 2009;Wheeler and Peterson, 2010;Bell et al, 2013;Botero et al, 2013). For instance, Spain has gained achievements in the stakeholder engagement of ICZM (Bell et al, 2013), and regional economic development in China was improved through ICZM implementation (Qing et al, 2022).…”