“…Although most validation studies modeled on the Marsden Project (R. Ellis, 2005) have used written GJTs (cf. Bialystok, 1979, for an early example with auditory stimuli), a small number of studies have found that GJTs with auditory stimuli are both more difficult (Johnson, 1992;Plonsky, Marsden, Crowther, Gass, & Spinner, 2020;Shiu, Yalçın, & Spada, 2018) and more likely to load on factors corresponding to implicit knowledge (Kim & Nam, 2017;Spada, Shiu, & Tomita, 2015) than those with written stimuli. Timed tests in which speeded responses limit the controlled processing required to access explicit knowledge (Godfroid et al, 2015) have also been found to load more highly on factors representing implicit knowledge relative to unspeeded tests (Bowles, 2011;R.…”