“…Relevant research studies on pair programming have mostly been conducted with adult learners. They have frequently compared individual programming and pair programming, and reported that pair programmers performed more effectively on one or more performance measures including successfully passing programming courses, obtaining higher grades, completing assignments, improving problem-solving and higher-order thinking skills, learning programming, understanding programming concepts, producing quality programs with correct codes and fewer errors, increasing productivity, and faster programming (DeClue, 2003;Dongo, Reed, & O'Hara, 2016;Isong et al, 2016;McChesney, 2016;McDowell, Werner, Bullock, & Fernald, 2006;Nagappan et al, 2003;Nančovska et al, 2008;Salge & Berente, 2016;Umapathy & Ritzhaupt, 2017;Williams & Upchurch, 2001;Williams et al, 2002). However, although pair programmers have been shown to perform better in assignments, there has been no significant difference identified in terms of their exam scores (Nagappan et al, 2003;Williams et al, 2002).…”