Exploring oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) substrate preparation by varying phase I composting time: changes in bacterial communities and physicochemical composition of biomass impacting mushroom yields
Abstract:Aims
To investigate characterization of the bacterial community composition and functionality and their impact on substrate biodegradation as well as mushroom yield.
Methods and Results
Bacterial diversity, composition and functionality were accessed by DNA‐derived analysis for a sugarcane straw‐based substrate composted for either 5, 10 or 15 days. In addition, carbon and nitrogen losses, carbohydrate conversion and mushroom yields were measured for the different treatments. Changes were observed in the bacte… Show more
“…The bacterial genera can be more or less abundant depending on starting material, composting procedure, and analytical methodologies. For example, the dominant bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas , Sphingomonas , Bacillus , Geobacillus , Ureibacillus , Pseudoxanthomonas , and Thermobispora , were identified from composted P. ostreatus substrate when using wheat straw–alfalfa mixture as the starting material [ 16 ], while Acinetobacter , Pseudoxanthomonas , Sphingobacterium , Terribacillus , Thermobacillus , and Thermobispora were the dominant microbial genera in sugarcane straw compost [ 17 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom popularly cultivated worldwide. Distilled grain waste (DGW) is a potential substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation. However, components in DGW restrict P. ostreatus mycelial growth. Therefore, a cost-effective approach to facilitate rapid P. ostreatus colonization on DGW substrate will benefit P. ostreatus cultivation and DGW recycling.
Results
Five dominant indigenous bacteria, Sphingobacterium sp. X1, Ureibacillus sp. X2, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. X3, Geobacillus sp. X4, and Aeribacillus sp. X5, were isolated from DGW and selected to develop a consortium-based microbial agent to compost DGW for P. ostreatus cultivation. Microbial agent inoculation led to faster carbohydrate metabolism, a higher temperature (73.2 vs. 71.2 °C), a longer thermophilic phase (5 vs. 3 days), and significant dynamic changes in microbial community composition and diversity in composts than those of the controls. Metagenomic analysis showed the enhanced microbial metabolisms, such as xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, during the mesophilic phase after microbial agent inoculation, which may facilitate the fungal colonization on the substrate. In accordance with the bioinformatic analysis, a faster colonization of P. ostreatus was observed in the composts with microbial inoculation than in control after composting for 48 h, as indicated from substantially higher fungal ergosterol content, faster lignocellulose degradation, and higher lignocellulase activities in the former than in the latter. The final mushroom yield shared no significant difference between composts with microbial inoculation and control, with 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.04 kg fresh mushroom/kg DGW, respectively (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The consortium-based microbial agent comprised indigenous microorganisms showing application potential in composting DGW for providing substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation and will provide an alternative to facilitate DGW recycling.
“…The bacterial genera can be more or less abundant depending on starting material, composting procedure, and analytical methodologies. For example, the dominant bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas , Sphingomonas , Bacillus , Geobacillus , Ureibacillus , Pseudoxanthomonas , and Thermobispora , were identified from composted P. ostreatus substrate when using wheat straw–alfalfa mixture as the starting material [ 16 ], while Acinetobacter , Pseudoxanthomonas , Sphingobacterium , Terribacillus , Thermobacillus , and Thermobispora were the dominant microbial genera in sugarcane straw compost [ 17 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom popularly cultivated worldwide. Distilled grain waste (DGW) is a potential substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation. However, components in DGW restrict P. ostreatus mycelial growth. Therefore, a cost-effective approach to facilitate rapid P. ostreatus colonization on DGW substrate will benefit P. ostreatus cultivation and DGW recycling.
Results
Five dominant indigenous bacteria, Sphingobacterium sp. X1, Ureibacillus sp. X2, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. X3, Geobacillus sp. X4, and Aeribacillus sp. X5, were isolated from DGW and selected to develop a consortium-based microbial agent to compost DGW for P. ostreatus cultivation. Microbial agent inoculation led to faster carbohydrate metabolism, a higher temperature (73.2 vs. 71.2 °C), a longer thermophilic phase (5 vs. 3 days), and significant dynamic changes in microbial community composition and diversity in composts than those of the controls. Metagenomic analysis showed the enhanced microbial metabolisms, such as xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, during the mesophilic phase after microbial agent inoculation, which may facilitate the fungal colonization on the substrate. In accordance with the bioinformatic analysis, a faster colonization of P. ostreatus was observed in the composts with microbial inoculation than in control after composting for 48 h, as indicated from substantially higher fungal ergosterol content, faster lignocellulose degradation, and higher lignocellulase activities in the former than in the latter. The final mushroom yield shared no significant difference between composts with microbial inoculation and control, with 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.04 kg fresh mushroom/kg DGW, respectively (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The consortium-based microbial agent comprised indigenous microorganisms showing application potential in composting DGW for providing substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation and will provide an alternative to facilitate DGW recycling.
“…Soil nitrate would likely decline faster in intercropping and mushroom monoculture treatments in comparison with maize monoculture, mostly due to decomposition of mineral nutrients by saprotrophs and leaching losses [35], using intermittent spray irrigation to maintain the optimum moisture for mushroom production. Vieira et al [36] also showed that nitrogen losses after 10 and 15 days impacted by mushroom yield. In this study, intercropping treatment significantly increased the contents of SOM compared with maize monoculture.…”
Conservative agricultural practices have been adopted to improve soil quality and maintain crop productivity. An efficient intercropping of maize with mushroom has been developed in Northeast China. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of planting patterns on the diversity and structure of the soil bacterial communities at a 0–20 cm depth in the black soil zone of Northeast China. The experiment consisted of monoculture of maize and mushroom, and intercropping in a split-plot arrangement. The characteristics of soil microbial communities were performed by 16S rRNA gene amplicom sequencing. The results showed that intercropping increased soil bacterial richness and diversity compared with maize monoculture. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Saccharibacteria and Planctomycetes were significantly higher, whereas Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were lower in intercropping than maize monoculture. Redundancy analysis suggested that pH, NO3−-N and NH4+-N contents had a notable effect on the structure of the bacterial communities. Moreover, intercropping significantly increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism pathway functional groups. Overall, these findings demonstrated that intercropping of maize with mushroom strongly impacts the physical and chemical properties of soil as well as the diversity and structure of the soil bacterial communities, suggesting this is a sustainable agricultural management practice in Northeast China.
“…Although mechanisms involving biocontrol of green mold from biofungicides have been barely described, according to Pandin et al [121,122], the mechanisms acting in the antagonism of T. aggressivum by B. velezensis QST713 may be a combination of (i) competence in the environmental niche through the formation of competitive biofilm to exclude T. aggressivum, (ii) production and secretion of compounds with antifungal activity against the parasite, and (iii) release of signaling molecules, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or the quorum-sensing-controlled processes, which can lead to defense response in A. bisporus or reduce parasite activity. The environmental niche where mushrooms develop and fructify is a highly dynamic and rich microbiome where multiple agents act and its configuration may have a direct impact on yield performance and disease occurrence [32,123,124]. Bacteria genera inhabiting casing material, including Bacillus and Pseudomonas, can be responsible for the casing fungistasis of mycoparasites observed in the absence of the host mycelium [125], however, the host mycelium modifies the microbiome structure breaking the fungistatic equilibrium and the native microbiota results inefficient to suppress mycoparasites under conditions of high disease pressure [32,48].…”
Section: Alternative Control and Breedingmentioning
Mycoparasites cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The negative impact of fungal diseases such as dry bubble (Lecanicillium fungicola), cobweb (Cladobotryum spp.), wet bubble (Mycogone perniciosa), and green mold (Trichoderma spp.) constrains yield and harvest quality while reducing the cropping surface or damaging basidiomes. Currently, in order to fight fungal diseases, preventive measurements consist of applying intensive cleaning during cropping and by the end of the crop cycle, together with the application of selective active substances with proved fungicidal action. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the redundant application of the same fungicides has been conducted to the occurrence of resistant strains, hence, reviewing reported evidence of resistance occurrence and introducing unconventional treatments is worthy to pave the way towards the design of integrated disease management (IDM) programs. This work reviews aspects concerning chemical control, reduced sensitivity to fungicides, and additional control methods, including genomic resources for data mining, to cope with mycoparasites in the mushroom industry.
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