Exploring new horizons for paper recycling: A review of biomaterials and biorefinery feedstocks derived from wastepaper

Abstract

Paper is a perfect example of the circular economy as it remains the furthermost recycled product in Europe, creating significant environmental benefits and raw materials resources to the industry. Indeed, maintaining a consistent level of quality whilst limiting the environmental footprint of the product has become a major challenge for the industry. In this direction, paper is proving to be the promising feedstock for biorefinery and biomaterials. The future of paper recycling is slowly going beyond fibre recovery to address the needs of other industries because for the earth's environmental well-being various paper products need to be recycled and reused persistently. In this article, we outline the ambitious use of wastepaper (WP) for high-value applications such as; production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), composite reinforcement, high performance electrical components and biofuels.

Halogen-free flame retardants for application in thermoplastics based on condensation polymers

“…There are some studies on PA fire inhibition using DOPO derivatives. Bridged DOPO compounds were synthesized to be studied as FR for PA6: 6-((6-oxidibenzo[c,e] [1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methoxy)dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DiDopoMeO) and 6,60-(ethane-1,2diylbis(azanediyl))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (DiDopoEDA) [101]. Flammability properties of these compounds were investigated compared to an usual P-content FR: aluminium diethylphosphinate (Exolit OP 1230).…”

“…Flame retardant research for application in the field of polymer materials (either synthetic, bio-based or natural), is still an important direction nowadays [1]. The materials of the future tend to become lighter and "bio-based" as much as possible, in order to achieve the perfect renewability of resources [1][2][3]. These novel materials will involve more and more the organic matter [4][5][6].…”

Paper Waste Recycling. Circular Economy Aspects

“…Paper waste is also used to extract the previously mentioned CNF/CNC and to make poly-hydroxy alkane (PHA), carboxymethylcellulose and polymer composite matrix. In parallel, materials, which are Environmental and Climate Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________ 2019 / 23 264 prepared from synthesis of paper waste to produce high-performance electronic components such as supercapacitors are also considered [14].…”

“…Nano-cellulose crystals can be prepared using a repeated sulfuric hydrolysis method or enzymatic hydrolysis. The obtained cellulose nanocrystals were compared, some were obtained from waste paper, but other samplesfrom materials such as cotton, tunicates, bacteria and sisals [14].…”

“…Inorganic ingredients in recycled paper such as kaolin clay and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) were replaced by cellulose nanofibers with higher burst and tension strength. Waste paper is also incorporated into building materials such as concrete, mortar, brick and cement composites [14]; − Bricks with paper components were created and these bricks were compared to the basic properties of conventional bricks. Basic featuresmust be the same colour, with smooth surfaces, no cracks and with sharp and defined edges.…”