Exploring Nanocarriers as Treatment Modalities for Skin Cancer

Abstract

Cancer is a progressive disease of multi-factorial origin that has risen worldwide, probably due to changes in lifestyle, food intake, and environmental changes as some of the reasons. Skin cancer can be classified into melanomas from melanocytes and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) from the epidermally-derived cell. Together it constitutes about 95% of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) are creditworthy of 99% of NMSC due to the limited accessibility of conventional formulations in skin cancer cells of having multiple obstacles in treatment reply to this therapeutic regime. Despite this, it often encounters erratic bioavailability and absorption to the target. Nanoparticles developed through nanotechnology platforms could be the better topical skin cancer therapy option. To improve the topical delivery, the nano-sized delivery system is appropriate as it fuses with the cutaneous layer and fluidized membrane; thus, the deeper penetration of therapeutics could be possible to reach the target spot. This review briefly outlooks the various nanoparticle preparations, i.e., liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, transethosomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles technologies tested into skin cancer and impede their progress tend to concentrate in the skin layers. Nanocarriers have proved that they can considerably boost medication bioavailability, lowering the frequency of dosage and reducing the toxicity associated with high doses of the medication.

Therapeutic Implications of Dietary Polyphenols-Loaded Nanoemulsions in Cancer Therapy

“…45 NEs, because of their versatile characteristic features, have been a preferred choice of researchers in treating several types of cancer including colorectal, 46 breast, 47 ovarian, 48 lung, 49 brain, 50 leukemia, 51 prostate, 52 and melanoma. 53 NEs ranging in size from 20 to 100 nm can get encapsulated and accumulate in tumor tissues (Figure 2) because they are both large enough to evade rapid renal clearance and small enough to flow through blood arteries. 54 The probability of opsonisation by the mononuclear phagocytic systems (MPS) does, however, rise with this range of sizes.…”

Niosomes: Composition, Formulation Techniques, and Recent Progress as Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy

“…The use of nanotechnology has been developed as a modality of overcoming the negative side effects of modern treatments, and the cosmetic industry is one of its main areas of application [ 88 ]. The remarkable treatment of skin cancer can be significantly improved by using nanomedicine, especially nanoparticles as therapeutic agents and drug carriers [ 18 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ]. In addition, these cutting-edge nanotechnologies help to establish anticancer drugs, which enhance their bioavailability and controlled release [ 94 ].…”

“…Given the immense potential in delivery systems, there is a growing interest in comparing the benefits of niosomes entrapment with those of liposomes. However, only a few studies have moved toward pre-clinical and clinical trials, most being focused on topical delivery in the cosmetic field because, compared to liposomes, niosome formulations have showed superior skin permeation potential and higher stability [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Designed Fabrication of Phloretin-Loaded Propylene Glycol Binary Ethosomes: Stability, Skin Permeability and Antioxidant Activity

“…Ethosomes are an innovative type of liposome that are composed of phospholipids, water and a high proportion of ethanol (EtOH). Ethanol and lipid molecules act in the polar head group region, which can force the stratum corneum lipids on the skin to alter their molecules, increase lipid fluidity, enhance the flexibility and permeability of the ethosomes membranes, and significantly improve skin delivery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Ethosomes can carry hydrophilic substances in their internal aqueous phase and hydrophobic substances within a double membrane, with a negative charge due to ethanol that leads to a reduction in vesicle particle size, and that increases the bioavailability of the active substances [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”