Exploring Multi-Hop LoRa for Green Smart Cities

Abstract

This is the accepted version of a paper published in. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.

LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

“…In [37], the authors analyzed two architectures for multihop LoRaWAN in smart cities. In the first architecture, an end-device functions as a relay node to extend the coverage area.…”

“…Relay-Device ( Figure 6a) -Smart Building -Industrial -Improve connection -Access to power supply Aslam et al [37] Choi et al [36] Diop and Pham [33] Duong and Kim [22] Sisinni et al [32] Tanjung et al [35] Weiwei Zhou and Wang [34] Relay-Gateway (Figure 6b) -Smart Farm -Connect remote areas -Concentrate data traffic Aslam et al [37] Sisinni et al [31] Relay-Device Relay-Gateway ( Figure 6c) -Smart City -Improve coverage area -Concentrate data traffic -Battery powered devices None Table 5. Cont.…”

“…Many authors have proposed multihop solutions for LoRaWAN [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], where some devices act as relays to other devices. The forwarding mechanism is a crucial choice for a multihop LoRaWAN, as it may affect the performance of the network, in terms of throughput, reliability, latency, and energy consumption.…”

“…All these parameters must be optimally chosen considering the constraints and objectives of the application, such as minimizing the energy consumption or latency or maximizing the throughput and packet arrival. With multihop communications, the optimal configuration is yet more difficult to achieve by mathematical and statistical models, as pointed in [37]. In such situations, machine learning and deep learning are good candidates to be explored in forming efficient LoRaWAN networks.…”

“…Besides that, the network must have security mechanisms for node authentication and key management in addition to the already defined in the LoRaWAN specification. • Gateway-to-gateway communication: Among all solutions proposed in the literature so far, few of them [30,31,37] [29], but solutions using the Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation (SCHC) [61], an ultralightweight IPv6 adaptation layer for LPWANs, are still to be investigated.…”