Exploring Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Acute Diarrhea among Children in St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Jubayer, Ahmed; Islam, Md. Hafizul; Nowar, Abira; Islam, Saiful

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0018

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…On observation of sanitation facilities, about 45.7% have it in their own dwelling, having water storage facility near latrine (63.2%), hand washing facility near latrine (64.4%) and soap/detergent availability near latrine 59.9% . These findings were quite similar reported by UNICEF/JMP 2 and the national hygiene survey of Bangladesh 8 and higher than reported by Jubayer et al 5 Concerning safety disposal of children's stool, 90.3% households safely disposed their children's stool by rinsed into latrine, drain or buried; it was similar to the findings of Sridhar et al 1 . Regarding hand washing practices with soap 84.8% respondents said that they wash their hands before meal and 98.2% said they washed it after defecation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A recent study found that only 19% of people worldwide wash their hands after potential contact with excreta. 5 On the other hand, poor household water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions are associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. World Health Organization (WHO) data indicate that globally an estimated 8.29 lacs deaths and 49.8 million disability-adjusted life years (DALY) could be attributed to unsafe WASH practices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bangladesh has made a significant progress in improved water supply with 97.5% of household now. 5 The accessibility of improved sanitary latrines approximately 86% of households and hand washing facilities within 30 feet of the toilet are another remarkable success in WASH sector in Bangladesh 5 . Despite the significant downfall in open defecation, unsafe sanitation and poor hygiene behaviors persist in many parts of the country.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Household Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Facilities and Practices in Selected Villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur

et al. 2023

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Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities are considered a basic human necessity for survival and well-being, without these basic needs the health condition of millions of people, especially children and women are at risk. Bangladesh is vulnerable in this regard. Objectives: The study aimed to assess household water, sanitation and hygiene facilities and practices in selected villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 341 rural households from six villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur district using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and an observation checklist. Data were collected through face-to-face interview and observing the facilities. Result: The respondents of this study were female predominant. Male: female ratio was 1:3 and their average age was 38.16(±14.03) years. Every household were using improved source of water for both drinking and other domestic purposes but only 4.7% households safely treated water for drinking and only in 17.9% households water source was found 50 feet or more from the latrine. About 70.7% respondents kept their drinking water storage container over shelf/table, covered it with lid (65.0%) and 90.4% containers were found clean during observation. Around 95.6% households used an improved toilet facility and in 45.7 % household latrine was situated in their own dwellings. Although on observation of latrines, water collection or storage facility, hand washing facility and soap or detergent availability near them were found 63.2%, 64.4% and 59.9% households respectively. Still 2.1% households had no toilet facility at all. Nearly 19.4% respondents shared their toilet facility with other households. About 90.3% households safely disposed their children’s stool. Majority of respondents told that they used soap during washing hands before meal (84.8%) and after defecation (98.2%).During observation of the site for hand washing, water supply and soap or detergent availability were found in 97.7% and 83.3% households respectively. Good practices for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene were found among 4.7%, 71.6% and 92.7% households respectively. Conclusion: These findings are suggestive of need to come up with strategies of health education and promotion to ensure that rural households understand the importance of safe treatment of drinking water, safe disposal of child’s stool and safe distance of latrine from drinking water source in order to prevent spread of diseases. Effective policies should be developed by policymakers, safe distance of latrine from drinking water source and media and communication specialists should convey clear messages for everyone, particularly illiterate rural population. J Rang Med Col. March 2023; Vol. 8, No. 2:53-58

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Household Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Facilities and Practices in Selected Villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur

et al. 2023

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“…According to the NGO Forum, only 9% of children under the age of five use hygienic latrines. It is necessary to assess the causes of the sanitation sector's stagnation [6]. As if people are affected due to sanitation, environment and damage are also affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural Resilience: A Comprehensive Study on Water Supply, Sanitation, Disease Patterns, and Hygiene Practices in Munshiganj, Bangladesh

Hoque,

Islam,

Rahman

et al. 2024

JEP

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This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance survey. Findings reveal that 30% of individuals rely on surface water (hand-tube wells, rivers, and ponds), prioritized as canal > river > pond, while 70% depend on groundwater (subterranean electric motor, deep tube-well). Drinking water is generally sufficient, with 95% reporting adequacy throughout the year. About 45% use hand tube-well water, 28% use deep tube-well water, and 11% use supply tap water for various purposes. Bathing trends include underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river, while for cooking, the order is underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river. Toilet water supply ranks as supply tap water > hand tube-well water > deep tube-well water. Although sanitation awareness is high, some lack knowledge of good hygiene practices. After defecating, handwashing methods include soap, ash, soil, or water. Children's waste disposal varies, with some discarding it in open areas. Approximately 40% suffer from diseases like Diarrhoea due to unsafe water, primarily affecting children and elders. Training exists, but a significant portion lacks sanitation education. Dry skin or exposure to cold water may cause temporary irritation. Local government involvement in sanitation efforts is less active compared to non-governmental organizations. Results emphasize the need to enhance community awareness of safe water supplies and sanitation practices.

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“…However, recent studies explored household water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) condition, acute diarrhea, and the prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age. They highlighted 36.5% of the household without better sanitation, and about 1 in 4 children under 5 years of age (26.4%) having acute diarrhea [ 21 , 22 ]. They also reported child malnutrition in St. Martin’s island with a high prevalence of stunting (34.4%), wasting (17.6%), underweight (18.9%) and 6.9% of the children as overweight [ 21 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary diversity and micronutrients adequacy among the women of reproductive age at St. Martin’s island in Bangladesh

et al. 2023

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Minimum dietary diversity for women, an important dimension of diet quality, has been widely used as a proxy indicator for micronutrient adequacy. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), women of reproductive age (WRA) particularly are at high risk of inadequate micronutrient intake resulting from poor diversified diets. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess dietary diversity and micronutrients adequacy in the diets of WRA of St. Martin’s island, along with their socio-economic determinants. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 201 WRA living at St. Martin’s island. Utilizing the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point approach, the adequacy of micronutrient intake was evaluated from observed 24-h recall dietary data. The recent guideline of FAO was employed to evaluate Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify socio-economic determinants of MDD-W and micronutrients adequacy. The mean (SD) dietary diversity score was 4.25 (1.17) and about 40.3% of the participants met the MDD-W cut-off. Starchy staples (100%), meat/poultry/fish (87%), and other vegetables (79%) were consumed more frequently, while, the least reported food groups were dairy (2%), nuts and seeds (11%), and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (11%). Except for Niacin, intake of all micronutrients was inadequate, with an inadequacy prevalence of 36–100%. Educational level, and decision-making role of women were significantly related to their dietary diversity. On the other hand, age, decision-making role, and MDD-W were important determinants of micronutrient adequacy. In conclusion, the WRA of St. Martin's island consumed neither a sufficient amount of micronutrients nor an adequate diversity of foods. In addition, several socio-economic components are linked with dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy. Therefore, attention is needed to decide on the best strategies to improve the quality of diet and dietary diversity for WRA in this setting.

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Exploring Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Acute Diarrhea among Children in St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Household Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Facilities and Practices in Selected Villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur

Household Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Facilities and Practices in Selected Villages of Taraganj Upazilla, Rangpur

Rural Resilience: A Comprehensive Study on Water Supply, Sanitation, Disease Patterns, and Hygiene Practices in Munshiganj, Bangladesh

Dietary diversity and micronutrients adequacy among the women of reproductive age at St. Martin’s island in Bangladesh

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