Exploring genetic variability of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique

Salamandane, Cátia; Lobo, Maria; Afonso, Sónia; Xiao, Lihua; Matos, Olga

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223151

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…K has been found in wild rats (Leopoldamys edwardsi and Berylmys bowersi) [48]. Additionally, some of these genotypes were found on environmental surfaces and in vegetables and fruits [49]. The detection of these genotypes in horticultural products monitored in this study expands their host range and highlights their potential public health significance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Rats and Shrews from Zhejiang Province, China: Occurrence, Genetic Characterization, and Potential for Zoonotic Transmission

Zhang,

Yu,

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Globally, Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been detected in humans and various animal hosts. Wild rats and shrews have the potential to act as carriers of E. bieneusi, facilitating the parasite’s transmission to humans and domestic animals. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. bieneusi in 652 wild rats and shrews from Zhejiang Province, China, by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To determine animal species, we amplified the Cytochrome b (Cyt-b) gene in their fecal DNA using PCR. Furthermore, we determined the genotype of E. bieneusi by amplifying the ITS region of rDNA through PCR. Genetic traits and zoonotic potential were evaluated using similarity and phylogenetic analyses. Suncus murinus (n = 282) and five rat species, Rattus losea (n = 18), Apodemus agrarius (n = 36), Rattus tanezumi (n = 86), Rattus norvegicus (n = 155), and Niviventer niviventer (n = 75), were identified. The average infection rate of E. bieneusi was 14.1% (92/652) with 18.1% (51/282) in S. murinus and 11.1% (41/370) in rats (27.8% in R. losea, 22.2% in A. agrarius, 10.5% in R. tanezumi, 8.4% in R. norvegicus, and 8.0% in N. niviventer). Thirty-three genotypes were identified, including 16 known genotypes. The most commonly known genotypes were HNR-VI (n = 47) and Peru11 (n = 6). Type IV, KIN-1, SHW7, and HNPL-II were each found in two samples, while Macaque4, CH5, K, Henan-III, Henan-V, HNP-II, HNPL-I, HNPL-III, HNHZ-II, and HNHZ-III were each found in one sample. Additionally, 17 novel genotypes were discovered: WZR-VIII (n = 5), WZR-I to WZR-VII, WZR-IX to WZR-XII, and WZSH-I to WZSH-V (n = 1 each). Those 33 genotypes were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n = 25), Group 2 (n = 3), and Group 13 (n = 5). The initial report underscores the extensive occurrence and notable genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in wild rats and shrews from Zhejiang province, China. These results suggest that these animals play a pivotal role in the transmission of E. bieneusi. Furthermore, animals carrying the zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi pose a serious threat to residents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Rats and Shrews from Zhejiang Province, China: Occurrence, Genetic Characterization, and Potential for Zoonotic Transmission

Zhang,

Yu,

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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“…In addition to E. coli, other species such as Shigella, Salmonella, Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, are also common. [41,48,49] In this study, it was found that 80.3% of travelers did not consume uncooked meat, because based on the interview results, most of them were vegan or vegetarian. In addition, they also said that consuming uncooked meat or meat that is not cooked perfectly is dangerous for health, because the bacteria inside it does not die.…”

Section: Related To Traveler's Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 69%

Characteristics of Traveler’s Diarrhea in Foreign Traveler’s Visiting Beaches in Badung Regency, Bali

Azizah,

Damayanti,

Sudarmaja

2024

Int J Res Rev

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Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) is a common infectious disease impacting travelers from developed countries who visit developing countries, such as Indonesia. Reporting of Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) cases in Indonesia is still low, especially in Bali. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) in foreign travelers visiting beaches in Badung Regency, Bali. This study used cross sectional descriptive method in collecting data. The population was all foreign travelers visiting eight beaches in Badung Regency, Bali. In this study 61 respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection involved a questionnaire and analyzed using univariate statistics. The majority of respondents were European females (70,5%), aged 26-35 (41%), from Germany (11,5%), visiting Bali for tourism (80,3%), their first time in Southeast Asia (47,5%) and Bali (45,9%). Predominant diarrhea characteristics included 3-4 bowel movements per day (75,4%), loose stool consintency (59%) accompanied by abdominal cramps (41%), lasting 1-7 days (96,7%), a single episode (73,8%). Most managed Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) with medication (63,2%) and continued their travels (80,3%), consumed vegetable salad (50,8%), consumed overnight food (91,8%), consumed raw meat (80,3%) and drank tap water (95,1%). This study suggest that Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD) is prevalent among foreign travelers visiting beaches in Badung Regency, Bali with key factors being the absence of pre-travel consultations, consumption of drinks with ice and vegetables salad. Keywords: Traveler’s Diarrhea, TD, Foreign Traveler, Characteristic

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“…Furthermore, other enteric pathogens, such as Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia, are frequently reported in waterborne and foodborne outbreaks in many Sub-Saharan African countries [81,82].…”

Section: Main Foodborne Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review

Salamandane,

Malfeito-Ferreira,

Brito

2023

Foods

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The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. Street food vendors face several constraints that hamper improvement in the microbiological quality of their products. The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the main causes of foodborne illnesses in developing countries, including the growing concern with the microbial transmission of antibiotic resistance. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review was conducted on original articles published from January 2010 to July 2023. The search was carried out using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), as well as isolated searches of relevant articles from Google Scholar. The initial search identified 915 articles, 50 of which were included in this systematic review. The results indicate that, in the majority of the 15 countries examined, women constitute the predominant segment of street food vendors, representing more than 55% of the total number of these vendors. In 11 countries, street food vendors under the age of 18 were identified. Most vendors had a low level of education and, consequently, were unaware of good hygiene practices when handling food. The combination of factors such as poor hygiene practices on the part of food handlers and the lack of facilities, namely, the absence of available potable water, were frequently listed as the main causes of food contamination. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella (30.1%), and Shigella spp. (9.5%), as well as Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%) and Listeria monocytogenes (14.3%), were the most common pathogens found in RTE street foods. In 22 studies from 13 developing countries, 59% (13/22) reported high multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (40% to 86.4% in E. coli, 16.7 to 70% in Salmonella, and 31 to 76.4% in S. aureus). To address the challenges faced by street vendors and improve their economic activities, it is necessary for government entities, consumers, and vendors to work together collaboratively.

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Exploring genetic variability of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique

Cited by 4 publications

References 79 publications

Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Rats and Shrews from Zhejiang Province, China: Occurrence, Genetic Characterization, and Potential for Zoonotic Transmission

Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Rats and Shrews from Zhejiang Province, China: Occurrence, Genetic Characterization, and Potential for Zoonotic Transmission

Characteristics of Traveler’s Diarrhea in Foreign Traveler’s Visiting Beaches in Badung Regency, Bali

The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review

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