Exploring Formal Service Use by Older Chinese: A Case Study on a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

Lun, Man Wai Alice

doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.547740

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Authors of 20% (13/64) of the articles cited the 1986 definition proposed by Hunt and Gunter-Hunt [3]. Some authors (12/64, 19%) went further to define NORCs by including the percentage or proportion of the community and the age of its residents [17,21,24,29,[31][32][33][36][37][38][39][40]. The range of inclusion criteria cited in the literature is demonstrated in Table 2.…”

Section: Definition Of Norcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in which the citations were found Citation Percentage and age [17,21,29] Hunt and Gunter-Hunt [3] 50% are older adults [37] New York State definition [41] 40%-50% of the population is aged >60 years [24,33] Hunt [42] 50% of the residents aged >65 years [31,37,40] Hunt and Ross [43] 50% of the residents should be aged >60 years [38] Lanspery [44] 50% of the residents are aged ≥60 years [39] Hunt [30] ≥50% of the population is aged at least 50 years A subset of articles focused specifically on NORC-SSPs: authors cited definitions from the study by Vladeck [45] that focus on bringing partnerships together to deliver services to concentrated areas of older adults [21,26,31,46]. Although most of the articles written about NORCs were indeed describing a geographical area inhabited by a large proportion of older adults, some authors referred to NORCs as communities with purposeful programs, services, and activities to assist the older adult residents but did not differentiate these as NORC-SSPs or NORC programs.…”

Section: Table 2 Summary Of Naturally Occurring Retirement Community ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors described activities to build social relationships in 39% (25/64) of the articles. Examples included coffee hours [31,62,64], craft and hobby groups [15,31,56,59], book clubs [40,46], friendly visits [27,28,37,58], day trips and outings [21,31,32,46,50,52,62], congregate meals [15,16,21,27,31,39,52,62,65,66], nutrition programming [17,29,40,65], exercise classes [15,17,21,29,31,37,38,56,59,62,65], and guest speakers and education classes [17, 21, 29, 31, 38-40, 46, 50, 62, 63, 65, 66].…”

Section: Social Relationship-building Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 64 articles, 26 (41%) presented NORC-SSP offerings, including services that enhanced access to resources. In 16% (10/64) of the articles, authors described the offering of educational classes and guest speakers to the NORC-program memberships, whereas 16% (10/64) presented case management [17,29,32,36,38,[48][49][50]63,65], 13% (8/64) presented increased access to health assessments and screenings [38][39][40]53,56,58,61,65], and 17% (11/64) presented the provision of services referral [16,21,27,28,36,50,52,53,56,58,63].…”

Section: Services To Enhance Access To Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summary of key findings from the included articles (N=64) a . ,[15][16][17]21,31,36,37,39,46,50,52,55,56,59,62,63] 16(25) Civic engagement and empowerment activities[12,[15][16][17]21,[27][28][29]31,32,[37][38][39][40]46,50,52,56,58,59,[62][63][64][65][66] 25(39) Social relationship-building activities[16,17,21,[27][28][29]31,32,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Parniak¹,

DePaul²,

Frymire³

et al. 2022

JMIR Aging

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Background As Canada’s population ages, there is a need to explore community-based solutions to support older adults. Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), defined in 1986 as buildings or areas not specifically designed for, but which attract, older adults and associated NORC supportive service programs (NORC-SSPs) have been described as potential resources to support aging in place. Though the body of literature on NORCs has been growing since the 1980s, no synthesis of this work has been conducted to date. Objective The goal of this scoping review is to highlight the current state of NORC literature to inform future research and offer a summarized description of NORCs and how they have supported, and can support, older adults to age in place. Methods Using a published framework, a scoping review was conducted by searching 13 databases from earliest date of coverage to January 2022. We included English peer- and non–peer-reviewed scholarly journal publications that described, critiqued, reflected on, or researched NORCs. Aging-in-place literature with little to no mention of NORCs was excluded, as were studies that recruited participants from NORCs but did not connect findings to the setting. A qualitative content analysis of the literature was conducted, guided by a conceptual framework, to examine the promise of NORC programs to promote aging in place. Results From 787 publications, we included 64 (8.1%) articles. All publications were North American, and nearly half used a descriptive research approach (31/64, 48%). A little more than half provided a specific definition of a NORC (33/64, 52%); of these, 13 (39%) used the 1986 definition; yet, there were discrepancies in the defined proportions of older adults that constitute a NORC (eg, 40% or 50%). Of the 64 articles, 6 (9%) described processes for identifying NORCs and 39 (61%) specifically described NORC-SSPs and included both external partnerships with organizations for service delivery (33/39, 85%) and internal resources such as staff, volunteers, or neighbors. Identified key components of a NORC-SSP included activities fostering social relationships (25/64, 39%) and access to resources and services (26/64, 41%). Sustainability and funding of NORC-SSPs were described (27/64, 42%), particularly as challenges to success. Initial outcomes, including self-efficacy (6/64, 9%) and increased access to social and health supports (14/64, 22%) were cited; however, long-term outcomes were lacking. Conclusions This review synthesizes the NORC literature to date and demonstrates that NORC-SSPs have potential as an alternative model of supporting aging in place. Longitudinal research exploring the impacts of both NORCs and NORC-SSPs on older adult health and well-being is recommended. Future research should also explore ways to improve the sustainability of NORC-SSPs.

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Section: Definition Of Norcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Table 2 Summary Of Naturally Occurring Retirement Community ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social Relationship-building Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Services To Enhance Access To Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Parniak¹,

DePaul²,

Frymire³

et al. 2022

JMIR Aging

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Differential Patterns of Healthcare Service Use Among Chinese and Korean Immigrant Elders

Kang

Kim

2015

J Immigrant Minority Health

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Previous studies of healthcare service use among Asian immigrant elders have been conducted in major metropolitan areas with established ethnic enclaves. The factors that affect levels of utilization by Asian immigrant elders who live in places where systematic support from an ethnic community is not readily available are unknown. This study employed the Andersen-Newman healthcare service utilization model to examine unique correlates of healthcare service use among Chinese and Korean immigrant elders. Between 2005 and 2007, we used a snowball sampling method to collect data from Chinese (n = 116) and Korean (n = 101) immigrant elders living in Arizona. We then performed two negative binomial regressions based on ethnic background to identify factors associated with the number of annual physician visits. The results indicated that the number of medical conditions they experienced was positively associated with an increased likelihood of healthcare service utilization for both subgroups. However, the results indicated that each ethnic group had distinctive predisposing (sex and length of US stay for Chinese; marital status for Korean), enabling (English proficiency and cultural gap; insurance status), and need factors (depressive symptoms; self-reported health status) for predicting healthcare service utilization. Asian immigrant elders in this study experienced unique barriers and facilitators based on their ethnic backgrounds. Communicating with these two different groups in their native languages and better understanding their cultural backgrounds are imperative to understanding the factors related to their healthcare service utilization. Thus, rather than viewing Asians as a homogeneous population, the differences found in heterogeneous ethnic groups, such as language and cultural variations, should be taken into account when planning and implementing approaches to intervention.

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Characterizing Older Adults’ Involvement in Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Supportive Service Programs

Greenfield

Fedor

2015

Journal of Gerontological Social Work

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Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Supportive Service Programs constitute one of the longest-standing models for age-friendly community initiatives. As a support-focused model, NORC programs typically offer a range of benefits--including direct services, group activities, and broader community development activities--that are intended to engage older adults with diverse needs, preferences, and interests. Moreover, NORC programs are designed to be used according to the needs of the particular participant engaging with them at a particular point in time. This range and flexibility of benefits indicate the importance of more systematically characterizing the ways in which older adults are involved with NORC programs. For this purpose, we used data from in-depth interviews with 35 residents across 6 NORC programs in New York City. Qualitative analysis revealed 6 ordered categories of involvement: (a) consciously no involvement; (b) involved, but not consciously; (c) relationship with staff only; (d) selectively involved with a strong sense of security; (e) NORC program leaders; and (f) dependence on the NORC program. Overall, results indicate how older adults' involvement in NORC programs can be characterized beyond their utilization of specific types of services and by their relationship with the program as a whole. Findings suggest the importance for outcomes research on NORC programs and related models to consider subgroup differences by involvement. Results also provide directions for theory development on engagement in voluntary programs, as well as for practice to enhance older adults' involvement in supportive service programs.

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Exploring Formal Service Use by Older Chinese: A Case Study on a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: Scoping Review

Differential Patterns of Healthcare Service Use Among Chinese and Korean Immigrant Elders

Characterizing Older Adults’ Involvement in Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) Supportive Service Programs

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