Exploring factors distinguishing car-versus-car from car-versus-motorcycle in intersection crashes

Walton, Darren; Buchanan, J.; Murray, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.11.001

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Moreover, adult flies aggregate on food and oviposition sites, select food patches based on the presence of conspecifics 83,84 , use collective behavioral responses to avoid aversive cues 85 , interact when competing for resources 50 or courtship and mating (reviewed in 37 ), and exhibit social learning 86,87 . In spite of this, in our assays we did not observe any behavioral www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ alignment at the population level, even in traits such as the right-left position in a dyad, which are lateralized at the population level in other species 5,[15][16][17]61,62 .…”

Section: Position the Distributions Of Positions (Seecontrasting

confidence: 75%

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Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Versace

Caffini

Werkhoven

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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theory predicts that social interactions can induce an alignment of behavioral asymmetries between individuals (i.e., population-level lateralization), but evidence for this effect is mixed. To understand how interaction with other individuals affects behavioral asymmetries, we systematically manipulated the social environment of Drosophila melanogaster, testing individual flies and dyads (female-male, female-female and male-male pairs). In these social contexts we measured individual and population asymmetries in individual behaviors (circling asymmetry, wing use) and dyadic behaviors (relative position and orientation between two flies) in five different genotypes. We reasoned that if coordination between individuals drives alignment of behavioral asymmetries, greater alignment at the populationlevel should be observed in social contexts compared to solitary individuals. We observed that the presence of other individuals influenced the behavior and position of flies but had unexpected effects on individual and population asymmetries: individual-level asymmetries were strong and modulated by the social context but population-level asymmetries were mild or absent. Moreover, the strength of individual-level asymmetries differed between strains, but this was not the case for populationlevel asymmetries. These findings suggest that the degree of social interaction found in Drosophila is insufficient to drive population-level behavioral asymmetries.Consistent left-right asymmetries in brain and behavior are widespread among animal species 1-4 . For instance, the vast majority of people is right handed (a behavior controlled by the left hemisphere), and an advantage of using the left eye (right hemisphere) has been observed in agonistic interactions in chicks 5 , lizards 6 , toads 7 and baboons 8 , while in bees the use of left antennae enhances aggressive behavior 9 and the use of the right antenna is involved in social behavior 10 . In these cases, when asymmetries are aligned on the same side in the majority of the population, we consider this population-level lateralization or directional asymmetry. In other cases, individuals exhibit strong and consistent preferences for one side, but these are not aligned at the population level and we define these cases individual-level lateralization or antisymmetry.How the presence of other individuals influences these asymmetries at the individual and group level remains largely unknown. Mathematical models suggest that selective pressures associated with living in social contexts enhance the alignment of behavioral asymmetries (population-level lateralization), due to the advantages of coordinating between individuals 11,12 . This hypothesis predicts population-level asymmetries in social contexts more than in individual contexts, for the contexts that occurred repeatedly in the course of evolution (for a recent review see 13 ). The growing evidence on the effect of the social context on asymmetric behavior, though, is mixed 9,14 . Contexts that are expected to elicit coord...

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Section: Position the Distributions Of Positions (Seecontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…In several vertebrate species (e.g. 5,[15][16][17]61,62 .) the right-left relative position between two individuals tends to have a particular bias, likely due to an asymmetrical use of the eye/ear (and contralateral brain hemisphere).…”

Section: Dyadic Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Versace

Caffini

Werkhoven

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…Moreover, adult flies aggregate on food and oviposition sites, select food patches based on the presence of conspecifics 81,82 , use collective behavioral responses to avoid aversive cues 83 , interact when competing for resources 49 or courtship and mating (reviewed in 36 ), and exhibit social learning 84,85 . In spite of this, in our assays we did not observe any behavioral alignment at the population level, even in traits such as the right-left position in a dyad, which are lateralized at the population level in other species 5,[15][16][17]59,60 .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype inDrosophila melanogaster

Versace

Caffini

Werkhoven

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Theory predicts that social interactions can induce an alignment of behavioral asymmetries between individuals (i.e., population-level lateralization), but evidence for this effect is mixed. To understand how interaction with other individuals affects behavioral asymmetries, we systematically manipulated the social environment of Drosophila melanogaster, testing individual flies and dyads (female-male, female-female and male-male pairs). In these social contexts we measured individual and population asymmetries in individual behaviors (circling asymmetry, wing use) and dyadic behaviors (relative position and orientation between two flies) in five different genotypes. We reasoned that if coordination between individuals drives alignment of behavioral asymmetries, greater alignment at the population-level should be observed in social contexts compared to solitary individuals. We observed that the presence of other individuals influenced the behavior and position of flies but had unexpected effects with respect to individual and population asymmetries: individual-level asymmetries were strong and modulated by the social context but population-level asymmetries were mild or absent. Moreover, the strength of individual-level asymmetries differed between strains, but this was not the case for population-level asymmetries. These findings suggest that the degree of social interaction found in Drosophila is insufficient to drive population-level behavioral asymmetries.

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“…Even compared to other vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists, the fatality rate is staggeringly high (Department for Transport, 2016). This increased risk is reflected across Europe (EC, 2015), and many other countries including America (NHTSA, 2007), Australia (Johnston, Brooks & Savage, 2008), China (Chang et al, 2016), and New Zealand (Walton, Buchanan & Murray, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual training to increase drivers’ ability to spot motorcycles at T-junctions

Crundall

Howard

Young

2017

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviou

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Motorcyclists too often collide with other road users who pull out of side roads in front of them. These other road users typically report making all the necessary visual checks, despite failing to see the approaching motorcycle. These Look But Fail To See errors appear to be attenuated in road users who themselves have motorcycling experience, suggesting that motorcycle exposure may lower thresholds for spotting these vulnerable road users through natural perceptual learning. This raises the possibility that perceptual training could improve car drivers' abilities to spot motorcycles. Two experiments are reported. The first experiment demonstrated that a T-junction task, requiring participants to detect an approaching vehicle in briefly displayed images, was sensitive to participants' motorcycle experience, with dual drivers (who both ride motorcycles and drive cars) performing better than average car drivers. Following this, a second experiment split the car drivers into 2 groups. One group undertook a Pelmanism task requiring participants to match pairs of motorcycles, while the control group had to match pairs of fruit. When the two groups were retested on the T-junction task, the group who had undergone perceptual training for motorcycles via the Pelmanism task, were better able to identify approaching motorcycles, but not approaching cars. The results suggest that gamification of perceptual training for motorcycle detection provides a novel opportunity to improve driver safety.

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Exploring factors distinguishing car-versus-car from car-versus-motorcycle in intersection crashes

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype in Drosophila melanogaster

Individual, but not population asymmetries, are modulated by social environment and genotype inDrosophila melanogaster

Perceptual training to increase drivers’ ability to spot motorcycles at T-junctions

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