Exploring Electrospun Scaffold Innovations in Cardiovascular Therapy: A Review of Electrospinning in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In particular, patients who suffer from ischemic heart disease (IHD) that is not amenable to surgical or percutaneous revascularization techniques have limited treatment options. Furthermore, after revascularization is successfully implemented, there are a number of pathophysiological changes to the myocardium, including but not limited to ischemia-reperfusion injury, necrosis, altered inflammation, tissue remodeling, and dyskinetic wall motion. Electrospinning, a nanofiber scaffold fabrication technique, has recently emerged as an attractive option as a potential therapeutic platform for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Electrospun scaffolds made of biocompatible materials have the ability to mimic the native extracellular matrix and are compatible with drug delivery. These inherent properties, combined with ease of customization and a low cost of production, have made electrospun scaffolds an active area of research for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we aim to discuss the current state of electrospinning from the fundamentals of scaffold creation to the current role of electrospun materials as both bioengineered extracellular matrices and drug delivery vehicles in the treatment of CVD, with a special emphasis on the potential clinical applications in myocardial ischemia.

A Cross-Stage Partial Network and a Cross-Attention-Based Transformer for an Electrocardiogram-Based Cardiovascular Disease Decision System

“…Cardiac catheterization is the most invasive and high-risk approach [5], usually reserved for cases where other methods cannot detect the disease or for cardiovascular disease treatment purposes. Echocardiography can be invasive or non-invasive [6,7], with a measurement time of at least 15 min. On the other hand, ECG is a non-invasive measurement method [8], requiring only the attachment of electrodes to the subject, and can be completed within five minutes.…”