“…Parents in this study also noted the effect of social influences, which can encourage athletes to not report concussions so they do not let coaches or teammates down (Register-Mihalik et al, 2013). As strategic media messages shape perceptions of sport credibility (Benson, 2017), understanding the messages that remain memorable for athletes (Cranmer & Myers, 2017) with regard to concussions and football is an area of interest of future research.…”
Concussions in youth sports are a rising health concern. Between 1.7- and 3-million concussions occur each year in youth sport and recreation settings. This qualitative study investigated how parents assess the physical and social risks of allowing their children to participate in tackle football. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 sets of parents ( N = 24) who had permitted their middle school aged children to play on tackle football teams. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, findings illustrate the complex risk decisions parents must make regarding football participation. Although parents in our study acknowledged the risk of concussions, they identified cognitive and social benefits of football participation that shaped positive attitudes toward football outcomes. Participants also noted social factors that limited control over their children’s football participation, including community pressures. The findings indicate key factors that motivate football enrollment, as parents must consider competing goals for their child of protection and development. Future research directions, theoretical implications, and practical applications are discussed.
“…Parents in this study also noted the effect of social influences, which can encourage athletes to not report concussions so they do not let coaches or teammates down (Register-Mihalik et al, 2013). As strategic media messages shape perceptions of sport credibility (Benson, 2017), understanding the messages that remain memorable for athletes (Cranmer & Myers, 2017) with regard to concussions and football is an area of interest of future research.…”
Concussions in youth sports are a rising health concern. Between 1.7- and 3-million concussions occur each year in youth sport and recreation settings. This qualitative study investigated how parents assess the physical and social risks of allowing their children to participate in tackle football. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 sets of parents ( N = 24) who had permitted their middle school aged children to play on tackle football teams. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, findings illustrate the complex risk decisions parents must make regarding football participation. Although parents in our study acknowledged the risk of concussions, they identified cognitive and social benefits of football participation that shaped positive attitudes toward football outcomes. Participants also noted social factors that limited control over their children’s football participation, including community pressures. The findings indicate key factors that motivate football enrollment, as parents must consider competing goals for their child of protection and development. Future research directions, theoretical implications, and practical applications are discussed.
“…For example, collegiate athletes may be triggered by broken promises from their recruitment or athletes might be triggered when the way a team is managed detracts from their enjoyment. Likewise, the experiences of athletes throughout their careers socializes them for future experiences and may set expectations that lead to future dissent (Cranmer & Myers, 2017). These suggestions require empirical investigation, and any identified differences across levels of athletics could be helpful for assisting coaches in meeting the needs of their specific athletes.…”
Effective coaches must understand and manage athletes’ expressions of disagreement or dissatisfaction. The current study identified the triggering events that athletes reported as the impetus for their dissent, the messages that they utilized when dissenting, and the success of these messages. Four categories of triggers were identified within data collected from 262 former high school athletes: (a) performance issues, (b) power and influence, (c) logistics, and (d) communicative climate and culture. These triggers were associated with athletes’ subsequent expressions of dissent. Athletes most commonly utilized solution presentation and direct-factual appeals when dissenting about these triggers. Athletes’ dissent messages predicted the success of their dissent; effective expressions more readily featured solution presentation messages, direct-factual appeals, and an absence of humor. Appropriate expressions were predicted by the use of solution presentation messages and the avoidance of pressure, circumvention, and humor. Collectively, this research highlights features unique to the sports team context, including team interdependence, the balancing of the multiple roles that come with being a student-athlete, and cultures of rationalism and respect for authority and sporting norms.
“…Yet confirmation may function differently within collegiate athletics. Collegiate athletics are differentiated by drastic increases in competition, shifts toward managerial styles of coaching, intense pressures to win, and the balancing of conflicting roles of college student (e.g., academic demands, time management, and career decisions) and athlete (Cranmer & Myers, 2017). These difficulties change the dynamics of athlete–coach relationships (Cranmer, 2018) and may alter athletes’ expectations, desires, and responses to coaches’ attempts to endorse, recognize, or acknowledge them.…”
Coach confirmation—a behavior that encompasses coaches’ recognition, endorsement, and acknowledgment of athletes—has been forwarded as an effective coaching behavior that redresses ineffective and antisocial patterns of coaching. Empirical evidence of its effectiveness, however, has been limited to athlete affect and based on data from retrospective samples of former high school athletes. This study addresses these limitations by exploring the effectiveness of coaches’ use of confirmation with collegiate student-athletes and considers its influence on their satisfaction with coaches and sport, competitiveness, and cognitive learning. Data obtained from 177 Division-I student-athletes revealed that coaches’ use of challenge increases student-athletes’ satisfaction, motivation, competitiveness, and learning, whereas the use of acceptance only determines satisfaction. These findings demonstrate that confirmation is an effective coaching behavior, its dimensions function independently, and challenge best fulfills the multidimensional nature of coaching effectiveness. The implications of this data reveal that confirmation theory functions uniquely within the athletic context, and coach effectiveness is largely determined by the implementation of strategies and efforts to refine skill sets and assist in development.
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