Exploring differences of visual attention in pedestrian navigation when using 2D maps and 3D geo-browsers

Liao, Hua; Dong, Weihua; Chen, Peng; Liu, Huiping

doi:10.1080/15230406.2016.1174886

Cited by 70 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…However, this sample size generally aligns with what has been used in many other eye-tracking studies investigating map reading [45,51,52,66] as well as wayfinding and pedestrian navigation [29,[69][70][71]. For example, Kiefer, Giannopoulos and Raubal [54] had 14 participants in their experiment match map symbols and landmarks in the real environment.…”

Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We originally anticipated that both male and female attention could be biased towards the salient 3D landmarks. As found by Liao, Dong, Peng and Liu [29], participant attention was directed to 3D landmarks at the decision points. Davies and Peebles [31] demonstrated that the influence of the 3D visual salience was so strong that it led to ignorance of the optimal strategy for using the 2D layout.…”

Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An excess of 3D landmark models on the screen can confuse and slow down the map user [28]. Eye-tracking studies have also suggested that participants using 3D representations need to perform an extensive visual search to find the details of routes during map learning [29]. When searching for objects, 3D maps produce clustered fixations with longer duration and smaller saccadic amplitude [30].…”

Section: Evaluation Of 3d Representations For Wayfindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Lei, Wu, Chao and Lee [30] have suggested that 2D maps could be used to provide a general structure of the routes and 3D information could be enabled when users search locations of interest. Liao, Dong, Peng and Liu [29] have found that 2D maps are more efficient for spatial knowledge acquisition, whereas 3D representations provide users a more efficient visual search, resulting in better performance at decision points. An aerial, vertical view of 2D maps enables users to acquire configurational knowledge of the environment (also called survey knowledge).…”

Section: Evaluation Of 3d Representations For Wayfindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some recent studies have suggested integrating 3D and 2D representations to combine their advantages [29,30,32]. For example, Lei, Wu, Chao and Lee [30] have suggested that 2D maps could be used to provide a general structure of the routes and 3D information could be enabled when users search locations of interest.…”

Section: Evaluation Of 3d Representations For Wayfindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding

Liao

Dong

2017

IJGI

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3D representations in applications that provide self-localization and orientation in wayfinding have become increasingly popular in recent years because of technical advances in the field. However, human factors have been largely ignored while designing 3D representations in support of pedestrian navigation. This exploratory study aims to explore gender effects on using 3D maps for spatial orientation. We designed a 3D map that combines salient 3D landmarks and 2D layouts, and evaluated gender differences in their performance during direction-pointing tasks by administrating an eye tracking experiment. The results indicate there was no significant overall gender difference on performance and visual attention. However, we observed that males using the 3D map paid more attention to landmarks in the environment and performed better than when using the conventional 2D map, whereas female performance did not show any significant difference between the two types of map usage. We also observed contrary gender differences in visual attention on landmarks between the 3D and 2D maps. While males fixated longer on landmarks than females when using the 3D map, females paid more visual attention to landmarks than males when using the 2D map. In addition, verbal protocols showed that males had more confidence while make decisions. These empirical results can be helpful in the design of map-based wayfinding enhancement tools.

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