“…The novelty of this knowledge, however, might make its interpretation difficult, requiring the use of knowledge transfer mechanisms (see below); • The creation of human capital: graduate employees help increasing firms' absorptive capacity (Charles, 2006;Marques, 2017). In some cases, moreover, social ties between business employees/managers and universities are associated to a higher likelihood of university-industry interaction (Drejer & Østergaard, 2017); • The transfer of existing know-how, that is the application of knowledge already available to solve a problem. This activity entails the application of basic university research, and can encompass a wide range of universityindustry interaction channels, from informal consultation and contract research to long-term university-industry partnerships (Abreu & Grinevich, 2013;D'Este & Patel, 2007;Perkmann & Walsh, 2007);…”