Exploring Contemporary Advancements and Outlook in Viologen-Based Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Mini Review

Ambrose, Bebin; Naresh, Raghupandiyan; Deshmukh, Swapnil; Kathiresan, Murugavel; Ragupathy, Pitchai

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02299

Energy Fuels

2023

DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02299

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Exploring Contemporary Advancements and Outlook in Viologen-Based Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Mini Review

Bebin Ambrose,

Raghupandiyan Naresh,

Swapnil Deshmukh

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 4 publications

References 112 publications

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Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering for Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials: A Mini‐Review

Ambrose,

Krishnan,

Ramamurthy

et al. 2024

Advanced Photonics Research

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Viologens, with their unique redox‐active properties, have garnered increasing attention in the development of electrochromic devices. This review focuses on key strategies in molecular design, synthesis methodologies, and tailored functionalities that have propelled the field forward from 2019 to the present. The convergence of these approaches has led to the construction of viologen‐based electrochromic materials with enhanced performance, stability, and responsiveness. The review not only examines the current state of the field but also explores promising outlooks and opportunities, including tailored applications, environmental sustainability, and integration with emerging technologies. The synergy between molecular engineering and viologen‐based electrochromic materials holds significant promise, shaping the future of dynamic, responsive materials in diverse technological domains. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, offering insights into recent breakthroughs and inspiring further advancements in this rapidly evolving field.

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Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering for Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials: A Mini‐Review

Ambrose,

Krishnan,

Ramamurthy

et al. 2024

Advanced Photonics Research

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Controlled Reactivity of Viologens in Alkaline Solutions Via Cucurbit[7]uril Complexation

Bossavit,

Monnier,

Siri

et al. 2024

Eur J Org Chem

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A series of N‐alkyl‐ and N‐aryl‐viologens has been studied in alkaline solutions. In this work, we evaluated the deuteration rate of the viologens in D2O solutions of pH values ranging from 7.3 to 12.7. Kinetic experiments and computational calculations showed the high reactivity of H‐C(2) bonds toward deprotonation of N‐aryl‐pyridinium moieties compared to N‐alkyl‐pyridinium moieties, even in hybrid N‐aryl/N‐alkyl dissymmetric viologens. However this high H‐C(2) reactivity in liquid phase contrasted with the proton fragmentation mechanism observed in the gas phase by mass spectrometry. The H/D exchange rate of viologens in very strong alkaline conditions could be significantly reduced using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as supramolecular protecting group. Ultimately, CB[7] inclusion led to a selective protection of H‐C(2) group of N‐aryl‐pyridinium of dissymmetric viologens, and induced a supramolecular regioselective deuteration.

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Viologen‐Cucurbit[7]uril Based Polyrotaxanated Covalent Organic Networks: A Metal Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Ambrose,

Madhu,

Ramamurthy

et al. 2024

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Viologen‐based covalent organic networks represent a burgeoning class of materials distinguished by their captivating properties. Here, supramolecular chemistry is harnessed to fabricate polyrotaxanated ionic covalent organic polymers (iCOP) through a Schiff‐base condensation reaction under solvothermal conditions. The reaction between 1,1′‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐[4,4′‐bipyridine]‐1,1′‐diium dichloride (DPV‐NH2) and 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (TPG) in various solvents yields an iCOP‐1 and iCOP‐2. Likewise, employing cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in the reaction yielded polyrotaxanated iCOPs, denoted as iCOP‐CB[7]‐1 and iCOP‐CB[7]‐2. All four iCOPs exhibit exceptional stability under the acidic and basic conditions. iCOP‐CB[7]‐2 displays outstanding electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) performance, demanding an overpotential of 296 and 332 mV at 10 and 20 mA cm−2, respectively. Moreover, the CB[7] integrated iCOP‐2 exhibits a long‐term stable nature for 30 h in 1 m KOH environment. Further, intrinsic activity studies like TOF show a 4.2‐fold increase in generation of oxygen (O2) molecules than the bare iCOP‐2. Also, it is found that iCOP‐CB[7]‐2 exhibits a high specific (19.48 mA cm−2) and mass activity (76.74 mA mg−1) at 1.59 V versus RHE. Operando‐EIS study evident that iCOP‐CB[7]‐2 commences OER at a relatively low applied potential of 1.5 V versus RHE. These findings pave the way for a novel approach to synthesizing various mechanically interlocked molecules through straightforward solvothermal conditions.

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Exploring Contemporary Advancements and Outlook in Viologen-Based Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Mini Review

Cited by 4 publications

References 112 publications

Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering for Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials: A Mini‐Review

Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering for Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials: A Mini‐Review

Controlled Reactivity of Viologens in Alkaline Solutions Via Cucurbit[7]uril Complexation

Viologen‐Cucurbit[7]uril Based Polyrotaxanated Covalent Organic Networks: A Metal Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

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