Exploring Childhood Lead Exposure through GIS: A Review of the Recent Literature

Akkus, Cem; Ozdenerol, Esra

doi:10.3390/ijerph110606314

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Hazard indices for children were higher than those for adults meaning that children would experience more non-cancer risks than adults. Young children absorb chemicals four times more than adults (Akkus & Ozdenerol, 2014). Similar observations have been reported (Guerra et al, 2012;Bamuwamye, Ogwok, & Tumuhairwe, 2015).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 77%

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Kampala (Uganda) Drinking Water

Bamuwamye¹,

Ogwok²,

Tumuhairwe³

et al. 2017

JFR

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Levels of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc in tap water, groundwater-fed protected spring and bottled water were determined. The cancer and non-cancer risks associated with ingestion of heavy metals (HM) were also assessed for both children and adults. Forty seven water samples obtained from five divisions of Kampala city were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cancer and non-cancer risks were determined using incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. Lead content was higher than permissible limits (PL) according to East African Standard, World Health Organization, European Union and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Arsenic showed minor exceedances above guideline values in tap water and groundwater-fed protected spring, whereas mercury, manganese and nickel were higher than PL. Levels of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, and zinc were below the PL. The lifetime risk of developing cancer through the oral route was greater than the USEPA acceptable level for both children and adults, revealing that exposure to HM in drinking water posed an unacceptable potential cancer risk. Arsenic contributed ca. 90% of the ILCR in tap water and groundwater-fed protected spring. The combined non-cancer risk of the HM expressed as hazard index (HI) was greater than one, with values for children being higher than those for adults. Lead contribution towards HI was in all cases above 90%. These results demonstrate the presence of alarming non-cancer risks for children.

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Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 77%

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Kampala (Uganda) Drinking Water

Bamuwamye¹,

Ogwok²,

Tumuhairwe³

et al. 2017

JFR

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“…Age, race/Hispanic origin, and urbanization have been associated with BLLs in previous studies ( Akkus and Ozdenerol 2014 ; Wheeler and Brown 2013 ). Age in years was recorded at the time of the NHANES household interview and was used as a discrete variable and dichotomized as 1–2 versus 3–5 y of age because CMS has required universal screening by Medicaid of children at 1 and 2 y of age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In the absence of effect modification by age, age-adjusted prevalence ratios would represent the association between WIC/Medicaid status and high BLL for all children in the study, including children in the 1- to 2-y age range. Race/Hispanic origin and urbanization of residence have also been associated with BLLs ( Akkus and Ozdenerol 2014 ; Wheeler and Brown 2013 ). Therefore, we repeated models after adjusting for these factors in addition to age and compared the resulting estimates to those from the primary model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

WIC Participation and Blood Lead Levels among Children 1–5 Years: 2007–2014

Aoki

Brody

2018

Environ Health Perspect

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Background:The CDC recommends a targeted strategy for childhood blood lead screening based on participation in federal programs, such as Medicaid and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Yet, there is scarcity of data on blood lead levels (BLLs) among WIC participants.Objective:Our objective was to investigate whether children participating in WIC and not enrolled in Medicaid, who have not been targeted in the historical Medicaid-focused screening strategy, have higher BLLs than children in neither of these programs.Methods:The analysis included 3,180 children 1–5 y of age in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2007–2014. Log-binomial regression, which allows direct estimation of prevalence ratios, was used to examine associations between WIC participation (in conjunction with Medicaid enrollment) and having BLLs ≥5μg/dL with adjustment for age (1–2 vs. 3–5 y).Results:The percentage of children participating in “WIC only,” “Medicaid only,” “both WIC and Medicaid,” and “neither” were 18.9%, 10.8%, 25.4%, and 44.9%, respectively. “WIC only,” “Medicaid only,” and “both WIC and Medicaid” children were more likely to have BLLs ≥5μg/dL than children who were not enrolled in either program, with adjusted prevalence ratios of 3.29 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 9.09], 4.56 (95% CI: 2.18, 9.55), and 2.58 (95% CI: 1.18, 5.63).Conclusions:Children participating in WIC but not Medicaid were more likely to have BLLs ≥5μg/dL than children who were not enrolled in either program. These findings may inform public health recommendations and clinical practice guidelines. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2384

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“…Lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental heavy metal toxicant that exerts irreversible effects on children’s cognitive function, impairing learning and memory 1 , decreasing intelligence quotient 2 , and increasing aggression and crime rates 3 . Lead can enter the human body via skin, respiratory system and/or gastrointestinal tract 4 , and the regulatory blood-lead-level (BLL) thresholds for childhood Pb poisoning have gradually decreased, from 30–60 μg/dl in 1975 to 5 μg/dl in 2012 5 . However, recent studies have shown that BLL as low as 1–5 μg/dl poses a risk for neurocognitive effects in the fetus and newborn 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-level Gestational Lead Exposure Alters Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Reduces Learning and Memory in Rats

Zhao

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Lead (Pb) is known to impair children’s cognitive function. It has been previously shown that developmental Pb exposure alters dendritic spine formation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. However, the underlying mechanism has not yet been defined. In this study, a low-level gestational Pb exposure (GLE) rat model was employed to investigate the impact of Pb on the spine density of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons and its regulatory mechanism. Pb exposure resulted in impaired performance of the rats in the Morris water maze tasks, and in decreased EPSC amplitudes in hippocampal CA3-CA1 regions. With a 3D reconstruction by the Imaris software, the results from Golgi staining showed that the spine density in the CA1 region was reduced in the Pb-exposed rats in a dose-dependent manner. Decreased spine density was also observed in cultured hippocampal neurons following the Pb treatment. Furthermore, the expression level of NLGN1, a postsynaptic protein that mediates synaptogenesis, was significantly decreased following the Pb exposure both in vivo and in vitro. Up-regulation of NLGN1 in cultured primary neurons partially attenuated the impact of Pb on the spine density. Taken together, our resultssuggest that Pb exposure alters spine plasticity in the developing hippocampus by down-regulating NLGN1 protein levels.

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Exploring Childhood Lead Exposure through GIS: A Review of the Recent Literature

Cited by 43 publications

References 55 publications

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Kampala (Uganda) Drinking Water

Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Kampala (Uganda) Drinking Water

WIC Participation and Blood Lead Levels among Children 1–5 Years: 2007–2014

Low-level Gestational Lead Exposure Alters Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Reduces Learning and Memory in Rats

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