Exploring brain-behavior relationships in the N-back task

Lamichhane, Bidhan; Westbrook, Andrew; Cole, Jennifer; Braver, Todd S.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116683

Cited by 62 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Notably, the reaction times measured in this study do not appear to capture this difficulty increase ( Figure 3A). This disconnect between reaction time and experimental performance has been noted before in relation to accuracy and attentional cueing (van Ede et al, 2012) or to task difficulty across a wide range of N-back conditions (Lamichhane et al, 2020). In our data, this likely reflects a disconnect between the idea of "task difficulty" and "difficulty in categorization" which may provide separate contributions to total reaction time.…”

Section: Ambiguitysupporting

confidence: 66%

Clarifying the role of higher-level cortices in resolving perceptual ambiguity using Ultra High Field fMRI

Dowdle

Ghose

Uğurbil

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The brain is organized into distinct, but not rigid, networks. Sensory systems, for example, are enormously flexible, with cognitive variables such as attention, value, and memory able to alter sensory representations in accordance with moment-to-moment behavioral demands. Understanding these top-down modulations requires several experimental considerations. First, to understand network function, task demands must be congruent with the domain to which a network is sensitive. Second, bottom-up, sensory input must remain identical to isolate top-down effects. By combining high SNR functional imaging with the presentation of identical face stimuli under varying task demands, we have demonstrated the presence of novel face-relevant signals in regions homologous to those in non-human primate. Critically, one task was domain-specific, requiring that participants report face perception. The anterior inferior temporal region, which has historically proved difficult to resolve in humans, is both preferentially activated under challenging conditions and uniquely encodes the trial-by-trial variability of perception.

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Section: Ambiguitysupporting

confidence: 66%

Clarifying the role of higher-level cortices in resolving perceptual ambiguity using Ultra High Field fMRI

Dowdle

Ghose

Uğurbil

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…For example, individuals who do not attend the task will have little or no activation, and both the disorder and the ADGRL3 haplotype may probably affect the attention to the task. Besides, some authors have associated activation with task accuracy but also longer reaction time 22 , 23 . Even methylphenidate may play a role 24 , although its involvement in working memory networks is unclear 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain structural and functional substrates of ADGRL3 (latrophilin 3) haplotype in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Moreno‐Alcázar

Ramos-Quiroga

Ribasés

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Previous studies have shown that the gene encoding the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3; formerly latrophilin 3, LPHN3) is associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Conversely, no studies have investigated the anatomical or functional brain substrates of ADGRL3 risk variants. We examined here whether individuals with different ADGRL3 haplotypes, including both patients with ADHD and healthy controls, showed differences in brain anatomy and function. We recruited and genotyped adult patients with combined type ADHD and healthy controls to achieve a sample balanced for age, sex, premorbid IQ, and three ADGRL3 haplotype groups (risk, protective, and others). The final sample (n = 128) underwent structural and functional brain imaging (voxel-based morphometry and n-back working memory fMRI). We analyzed the brain structural and functional effects of ADHD, haplotypes, and their interaction, covarying for age, sex, and medication. Individuals (patients or controls) with the protective haplotype showed strong, widespread hypo-activation in the frontal cortex extending to inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. Individuals (patients or controls) with the risk haplotype also showed hypo-activation, more focused in the right temporal cortex. Patients showed parietal hyper-activation. Disorder-haplotype interactions, as well as structural findings, were not statistically significant. To sum up, both protective and risk ADGRL3 haplotypes are associated with substantial brain hypo-activation during working memory tasks, stressing this gene’s relevance in cognitive brain function. Conversely, we did not find brain effects of the interactions between adult ADHD and ADGRL3 haplotypes.

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“…N -back task, as the primary outcome, is one of the traditionally been used paradigms to explore the neural basis of WM and executive function (EC) [ 53 ]. Neuropsychological studies show EC (including shifting, updating, and inhibition) is a core component of WM [ 54 ], unlike other simple storage tasks, such as forward digital span task [ 55 ]; n -back task is regarded as a typical task loading on WM updating [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of theta and gamma electroacupuncture for post-stroke patients on working memory and electrophysiology: study protocol for a double-center, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, parallel, clinical trial

Ren

Zhao

et al. 2020

Trials

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Background Practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine have suggested that electroacupuncture (EA) could improve post-stroke cognitive impairment, based on the clinical evidence. This study protocol is aimed at showing the effectiveness of theta and gamma EA for post-stroke patients on working memory (WM) and electrophysiology. Methods After assessing their eligibility, 66 patients with stroke will be enrolled from two Chinese medicine hospitals and randomly divided into theta frequency EA group, gamma frequency EA group, and sham-EA group according to the ratio of 1:1:1. All patients will receive 20 sessions of EA procedures for 4 weeks. Patients in three groups will receive EA at two same acupoints in the head: Baihui (GV20) and Shenting (GV24). The frequency of the three groups of EA is set as follows: 6 Hz (theta-EA group), 40 Hz (gamma-EA group), and no current through the electrodes (sham EA). Patients and assessors will be blinded throughout the entire study. The primary outcome is the performance accuracy of 1-back task which is a frequently used measure of WM in cognitive neuroscience research contexts. Secondary outcome measures will include the response time of 1-back task, the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, Trail Making Test, Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Scale, modified Barthel Index, and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during 1-back tasks. A blinding index will be assessed. Data will be statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, at 5% of significance level. Discussion We expect this double-center, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, parallel, clinical trial to explore the effectiveness of theta and gamma EA therapy, compared with sham EA, for post-stroke WM. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000031995. Registered on 17 April 2020.

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Exploring brain-behavior relationships in the N-back task

Cited by 62 publications

References 50 publications

Clarifying the role of higher-level cortices in resolving perceptual ambiguity using Ultra High Field fMRI

Clarifying the role of higher-level cortices in resolving perceptual ambiguity using Ultra High Field fMRI

Brain structural and functional substrates of ADGRL3 (latrophilin 3) haplotype in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Effectiveness of theta and gamma electroacupuncture for post-stroke patients on working memory and electrophysiology: study protocol for a double-center, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, parallel, clinical trial

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