The integration of case-based reasoning (CBR) and computer vision (CV) holds significant promise for enhancing cybersecurity, enabling the analysis and interpretation of visual data to detect security threats. This study provides an investigation of the synergy between case-based reasoning and computer vision techniques in the context of cybersecurity, aiming to address open challenges and identify opportunities for advancing security operations. Three main steps are realized. First, a taxonomy declining categories and sub-categories of the studied works is designed. Second, the collected literature is analysed in terms of (1) CBR for leveraging past security incidents and patterns in visual data analysis, facilitating threat detection, incident response, and threat intelligence analysis; (2) CV for cybersecurity modelling and to support cybersecurity decision making; (3) association between CBR and CV to design cybersecurity approaches. Third, open issues are discussed. This study exploiting CBR in computing vision for cybersecurity opens doors for further research.