Fierce controversies over wildlife management imply polarized public opinion, but this may be more complex, as in the debate over renewed black bear hunting in New Jersey. Statements about black bears and management options were assessed by Division of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) staff, environmental scientists, pro-hunt and anti-hunt citizen group members, and other bear-country residents using Q analysis. Four perspectives included "protectors" (largely anti-hunt members), "hunt supporters" (largely pro-hunt and DFW members), "movers," and "educators." Protectors and hunt supporters were not truly polarized, occupying separate orthogonal factors rather than opposite ends of a single factor. These two groups disagreed fiercely on some topics (primarily hunt rationale and consequences), but agreed on others, or one was indifferent on topics eliciting strong views from the other. Identification of two other unique perspectives also underlines complex views of black bear management in this urban state.
IntroductionThe field of wildlife management is accustomed to conflict, from the role of hunting as a management tool to the merits of maintaining or reinstating large-predator populations. Enserink and Vogel (2006, p. 748), on the return of bears, wolves, lynx, and wolverines to western Europe, quote ecologist John Linnell as saying that " [u]nderstanding the sociology of coexistence is really the key" to successful re-establishment of such populations.We add to that sociology with our data on views of black bear management among New Jersey groups (e.g., wildlife agency staff, pro-hunt citizens, and anti-hunt citizens). These findings offer insight into what issues divide or potentially bring together different views on the topic. While our data show that the conflict is real, they also reveal a far more nuanced and diverse set of perspectives than simple polarization of "pro-hunt" and "antihunt" stances. Understanding these perspectives might help wildlife managers determine better ways to communicate their preferred management policies to policy makers and the public and may also help identify how to increase the effectiveness of management strategies that rely at least in part upon changes in public behavior.