How do simulated high-intensity situations train leaders to maintain their ability to act in unfamiliar, unforeseen or uncertain environments? Cases from crisis preparedness training at the École Militaire Interarmes 1 . Hervé DE BISSCHOP* and Serge LEBLANC** *UR « Formation et Apprentissages Professionnels » (herve.de-bisschop[at]agrosupdijon.fr) ** Université de Montpellier-LIRDEF (serge.leblanc[at]umontpellier.fr)