Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Happiness and Religious Participation within China

Abstract

Although the positive relationship between religion and happiness has aroused heated debate, empirical studies on this are limited in the Chinese cultural context. Furthermore, there is a lack of heterogeneity analysis concerning this influence. This paper aims to address this gap in the existing literature. Using the Chinese General Social Survey data from 2015 for empirical analysis, the results show that people with religious beliefs have an increased probability of feeling very happy. This positive association does not exist in urban and eastern groups, but it still holds up in other remaining sub-samples (i.e., rural group). This study further finds that the effect of religiosity on happiness varies by different religious identification. Muslims are more likely to feel very happy compared with non-Muslims, but people of the Christian faith do not rate themselves higher on the happiness scale than non-Christians. Moreover, the results also reveal that religious involvement is significantly and positively related to happiness. Specifically, vulnerable groups are more likely to perceive themselves to be happier from continuous religious participation, whereas advantaged groups do not. This is because vulnerable groups generally have a lack of social security, and religious practices provide them with social support among their members. They therefore can enjoy larger and denser social networks. These are vital mechanisms for them to cope with stress and risk.

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“…CGSS referenced this measurement and redesigned the options to a 5-scale scale. Specifically, the SWB was measured in CGSS by answers to the question “In general, how happy would you say your current life is?” ( Liu et al, 2020 ; Ding et al, 2021 ). There were 5 options for this question, and they were assigned a value from 1 to 5, namely “very unhappy,” “unhappy,” “neither happy nor unhappy,” “happy” and “very happy.” These scores were used to measure respondents’ subjective well-being (M = 3.910, SD = 0.802).…”

“…Specifically, the SWB was measured in CGSS by answers to the question "In general, how happy would you say your current life is?" (Liu et al, 2020;Ding et al, 2021). There were 5 options for this question, and they were assigned a value from 1 to 5, namely "very unhappy, " "unhappy, " "neither happy nor unhappy, " "happy" and "very happy. "…”