“…A recent review reports the application of AI methods in the field of water treatment and desalination (Ray et al, 2023). More specifically, in membrane water desalination, AI methods have been successfully applied for predicting the performance of MBR (Viet et al, 2021), ultrafiltration (UF) (Fetanat et al, 2021), membrane distillation (MD) (Ray et al, 2022), microfiltration (MF) (Tanudjaja & Chew, 2022), NF (Hu et al, 2021), RO (Bonny et al, 2022; Garg & Joshi, 2014), hybrid NF‐RO (Srivastava et al, 2021), and FO (Im et al, 2022) systems. Although some research has explored the application of AI in predicting internal concentration polarization (Ibrar et al, 2022), reverse solute flux (Ibrar et al, 2023), and membrane fouling (Im et al, 2021) in FO systems, some studies have focused on the application of AI in predicting the permeate flux of FO systems.…”