Exploration of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare

Mormède, Pierre; Andanson, Stéphane; Aupérin, Benoît; Beerda, B.; Guemene, Daniel D.; Malmkvist, Jens; Manteca, Xavier; Manteuffel, Gerhard; Prunet, Patrick; Reenen, C.G. van; Richard, Sabine; Veissier, Isabelle

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.003

Cited by 629 publications

(531 citation statements)

References 286 publications

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“…Basal plasma cortisol concentrations measured here are in the range of previously published values obtained under similar conditions (Rhind and McMillen, 1995;Alila-Johansson et al, 2003;MezaHerrera et al, 2007). The adrenal steroid hormones play a crucial role in physiological adjustments to various types of environmental and stress factors (Mormede et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goats are considered to be well adapted to hot and dry climates (Silanikove, 2000;Aboul-Naga et al, 2014), but the mechanisms of this adaptation, beyond specific digestive characteristics, are not well understood (Silanikove et al, 1993;Choshniak et al, 1995;Shamay et al, 2000;Maltz et al, 2009). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a critical neuroendocrine system involved in metabolism and adaptation, and circulating glucocorticoid hormone (GC) concentrations or the reactivity of the adrenal cortex to ACTH are often used as stress indicators (Mormede et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal effects on plasma cortisol concentrations in the Bedouin buck: circadian studies and response to ACTH

Chergui¹,

Mormède²,

Foury³

et al. 2017

Animal

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Our work aims at the exploration of cortisol secretion in the Bedouin goat, native to the Algerian Sahara desert, to understand the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme hot climates. In the present study, diurnal and seasonal variations of cortisol concentrations were measured in basal conditions, as well as the response to ACTH stimulation tests across seasons in bucks. The plasma concentrations of cortisol showed no diurnal cycle but a large variation across seasons. The highest levels occurred in summer and winter when the environmental conditions are at their extreme levels. The rectal temperature showed nychthemeral and seasonal variations, and BW was also different across seasons with highest values in summer and lowest in winter. The results obtained after administration of two doses (2 or 10 μg/kg BW) of synthetic ACTH to three different age groups (kids, adults and elderly animals) showed a strong increase in plasma cortisol concentrations under all conditions with maximum levels achieved between 15 and 120 min. The analysis of the area under the cortisol curve showed no significant difference between the responses to the two doses of ACTH and between age groups, but showed seasonal variations with the lowest response in autumn than in other seasons. We conclude that season significantly affects secretion of cortisol in both basal state and under ACTH stimulation. However, the variation of adrenal reactivity to ACTH is not sufficient to explain seasonal differences, and in particular the summer peak in basal circulating cortisol concentrations. Further research should focus on the respective contribution of environmental factors (such as day length, temperature, humidity) and the mechanisms involved in cortisol regulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal effects on plasma cortisol concentrations in the Bedouin buck: circadian studies and response to ACTH

Chergui¹,

Mormède²,

Foury³

et al. 2017

Animal

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“…For instance might different genetic strains exhibit different resting levels (baseline) of cortisol due to the effects at any levels in the HPI axis (Fevolden et al 2002;Pottinger and Carrick 1999;Tanck et al 2002;Tanck et al 2001). Each level of the axis (hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, interrenal cells) is subjected to opposite influences, trophic via their respective stimulating inputs (such as CRH to the pituitary or ACTH to the interrenal cells) and inhibitory via corticosteroid hormones (negative feedback) (Mormede et al 2007). In mammals several changes in the HPI-axis has been documented during a chronic stress-state such as weight loss (catabolic effect of cortisol and catecholamines), proliferation of the corticotrope cells in the anterior pituitary (trophic effect of CRH), inhibition of ACTH synthesis (by cortisol) and reduction of the feedback effect of GR agonists on ACTH release, increase of the size of the adrenal glands and of the response of the adrenals to ACTH (a trophic effect of ACTH) (Mormede et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each level of the axis (hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, interrenal cells) is subjected to opposite influences, trophic via their respective stimulating inputs (such as CRH to the pituitary or ACTH to the interrenal cells) and inhibitory via corticosteroid hormones (negative feedback) (Mormede et al 2007). In mammals several changes in the HPI-axis has been documented during a chronic stress-state such as weight loss (catabolic effect of cortisol and catecholamines), proliferation of the corticotrope cells in the anterior pituitary (trophic effect of CRH), inhibition of ACTH synthesis (by cortisol) and reduction of the feedback effect of GR agonists on ACTH release, increase of the size of the adrenal glands and of the response of the adrenals to ACTH (a trophic effect of ACTH) (Mormede et al 2007). This resetting of the HPI axis at a "new" level of activity, that Selye (1973) described as the stage of resistance, is also known as allostasis (McEwen 1998;McEwen and Wingfield 2003;Goymann and Wingfield 2004;McEwen 2005;Wingfield 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This resetting of the HPI axis at a "new" level of activity, that Selye (1973) described as the stage of resistance, is also known as allostasis (McEwen 1998;McEwen and Wingfield 2003;Goymann and Wingfield 2004;McEwen 2005;Wingfield 2005). Different approaches could be used to detect these changes, including stimulation tests (by CRH, CRH/vasopressin, ACTH, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia) that measure the relative sensitivity of the pituitary and/or the interrenal cells, and the use of a inhibition test utilising dexamethasone (a synthetic steroid with glucocorticoid activity) to demonstrate the reduced efficiency of the negative feedback by corticosteroids (Mormede et al 2007). In this experiment both the "vaccine and stress" group and the "stress and vaccine" group become oversensitive to administration of a weightadjusted dose of ACTH compared with the control group, and the oversensitivity increased with duration of the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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Glucocorticoid receptor suppresses gene expression of Rev‐erbα (Nr1d1) through interaction with the CLOCK complex

et al. 2019

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Glucocorticoids have various medical uses but are accompanied by side effects. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been reported to regulate the clock genes, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this study, we focused on the suppressive effect of the GR on the expression of Rev‐erbα (Nr1d1), an important component of the clock regulatory circuits. Here we show that the GR suppresses Rev‐erbα expression via the formation of a complex with CLOCK and BMAL1, which binds to the E‐boxes in the Nr1d1 promoter. In this GR‐CLOCK‐BMAL1 complex, the GR does not directly bind to DNA, which is referred to as tethering. These findings provide new insights into the role of the GR in the control of circadian rhythm.

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Exploration of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare

Cited by 629 publications

References 286 publications

Seasonal effects on plasma cortisol concentrations in the Bedouin buck: circadian studies and response to ACTH

Seasonal effects on plasma cortisol concentrations in the Bedouin buck: circadian studies and response to ACTH

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Glucocorticoid receptor suppresses gene expression of Rev‐erbα (Nr1d1) through interaction with the CLOCK complex

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