Exploration of the Global Burden of Dementia Attributable to PM2.5: What Do We Know Based on Current Evidence?

Ru, Muye; Bräuer, Michael; Lamarque, Jean‐François; Shindell, D. T.

doi:10.1029/2020gh000356

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…33 ). Morbidity impacts of PM 2.5 are based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature ( 34 , 35 ). Impacts on labor are evaluated based on both exposure to air pollution and heat ( 15 , 34 , 36 ), the latter for specific professions where heat exposure is both difficult to avoid and impactful.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial distribution of health, labor, and crop benefits of climate change mitigation in the United States

Shindell

Zhang

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Societal benefits from climate change mitigation accrue via multiple pathways. We examine the US impacts of emission changes on several factors that are affected by both climate and air quality responses. Nationwide benefits through midcentury stem primarily from air quality improvements, which are realized rapidly, and include human health, labor productivity, and crop yield benefits. Benefits from reduced heat exposure become large around 2060, thereafter often dominating over those from improved air quality. Monetized benefits are in the tens of trillions of dollars for avoided deaths and tens of billions for labor productivity and crop yield increases and reduced hospital expenditures. Total monetized benefits this century are dominated by health and are much larger than in previous analyses due to improved understanding of the human health impacts of exposure to both heat and air pollution. Benefit–cost ratios are therefore much larger than in prior studies, especially those that neglected clean air benefits. Specifically, benefits from clean air exceed costs in the first decade, whereas benefits from climate alone exceed costs in the latter half of the century. Furthermore, monetized US benefits largely stem from US emissions reductions. Increased emphasis on the localized, near-term air quality–related impacts would better align policies with societal benefits and, by reducing the mismatch between perception of climate as a risk distant in space and time and the need for rapid action to mitigate long-term climate change, might help increase acceptance of mitigation policies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial distribution of health, labor, and crop benefits of climate change mitigation in the United States

Shindell

Zhang

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Finally, in 2021 a new meta-analysis was published by Ru et al the authors developed an exposureresponse model and simulation, estimating that ambient PM 2.5 pollutions could be responsible for 15% of premature deaths and 7% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with dementia [71]. In other words, the authors calculated 2.1 million (M) of dementia new cases in the over-65 worldwide populations attributable to PM 2.5 exposures.…”

Section: Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the estimates also involved geographic data, suggesting that the largest burden was in China (26% of the global toll); the second and third largest burden was calculated in Japan and India with 8% each. On a per-capita basis, the greatest incidence and death rates were reported in high-income European and Asian countries due to the older population of these regions and, therefore, a higher baseline incidence rate of dementia [71].…”

Section: Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Environment Dementia Risk Factors: A Literature Review

Gallistl

2022

J. Intellect. Disabl. Diagn. Treat.

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Introduction and Background: Dementia has many different causes. Dementia is considered a multifactorial disease; hence the interplay between factors for every case is a complex study. Early and recent reviews had recognised several risk factors associated with dementia in general and with AD specifically. The most studied risk factors include genetics, increasing age, education, environment, and brain injuries. This review aims to give readers access to the latest research on the educational and environmental risk factors of dementia by selecting recent high-quality resources and summarising them in this review. Methods: The current article is a narrative review of broad literature research. Results and Discussion: The comprehensive examination of evidence supports the following. First, low education can be considered a relevant risk factor for developing dementia, although the operationalisation of "low education" is still unclear in many studies. The mechanisms of "cognitive reserve" have an important implication in the relationships between education and dementia, and this has been studied with limitations in people with intellectual disorders. Second, air pollution is now considered a dementia risk factor with plenty of evidence concerning PM2.5 but less conclusive evidence regarding single gaseous pollutants because of the “multi-exposure response.” Conclusion: The considerable body of research points towards an association between these risk factors and dementia prevalence. Low- and middle-income countries will benefit from prioritising child education for all since education is one of the major risk factors for dementia and a wide variety of health disparities.

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“…However, estimates suggest about 2·1 million incident dementia cases could be attributable to ambient exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution in 2015. 2 Air pollutants could directly elicit inflammatory changes and oxidative stress in the brain and increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, ultimately increasing the risks of dementia and cognitive decline. 3 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, estimates suggest about 2¢1 million incident dementia cases could be attributable to ambient exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution in 2015. 2 Air pollutants could directly elicit inflammatory changes and oxidative stress in the brain and increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, ultimately increasing the risks of dementia and cognitive decline. 3 Plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, often rich in nutrients including polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between plant-based dietary pattern and air pollution on cognitive function: a prospective cohort analysis of Chinese older adults

Zhu

Chen

Shen

et al. 2022

The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific

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Background Air pollution is a risk factor for poor cognitive function, while a plant-based dietary pattern is associated with better cognitive function. We aimed to explore their interaction with cognitive function among older adults.Methods We used a prospective cohort of old individuals, including 6525 participants of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), aged 65-110 years and with normal cognition at baseline. Air pollution measurement was derived using satellite-derived annual average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations based on residential locations. Plant-based diet index (PDI) was calculated using survey responses to assess the dietary pattern. Repeated measures of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were utilized to assess cognitive function. We applied the Cox proportional hazard regression to explore the associations and further stratified the analysis by PDI.Findings During a median of 5¢6-year follow-up, 1537 (23¢6%) out of 6525 participants with normal cognition at baseline developed poor cognitive function (MMSE <18). Living in areas with the highest quintile of cumulative PM 2.5 was associated with a 46% increase in the risk of developing poor cognitive function (hazard ratio (HR): 1¢46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1¢20, 1¢77), compared to those living in areas with the lowest quintile. We observed a significant interaction between cumulative PM 2.5 and PDI (p-interaction: 0¢04), with the corresponding associations of cumulative PM 2.5 being more pronounced among participants with lower PDI (HR: 1¢68, 95% CI: 1¢26, 2¢24) than those with higher PDI (HR: 1¢28, 95% CI: 0¢98, 1¢68).Interpretation Plant-based dietary pattern may attenuate detrimental impacts of PM 2.5 on cognitive function among older adults. Adherence to the plant-based dietary pattern could be used to prevent adverse neurological effects caused by air pollution, especially in developing regions.

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Exploration of the Global Burden of Dementia Attributable to PM2.5: What Do We Know Based on Current Evidence?

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Temporal and spatial distribution of health, labor, and crop benefits of climate change mitigation in the United States

Temporal and spatial distribution of health, labor, and crop benefits of climate change mitigation in the United States

Education and Environment Dementia Risk Factors: A Literature Review

Interaction between plant-based dietary pattern and air pollution on cognitive function: a prospective cohort analysis of Chinese older adults

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