Exploration of Modulated Genetic Circuits Governing Virulence Determinants in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

The expression of virulence genes in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is strongly influenced by the multiple global regulators. The signal transduction cascade of these global regulators is accountable for recognizing and integrating the environmental cues to regulate the virulence regulon. While the production of virulent factors by individual global regulators are comparatively straightforward to define, auto-regulation of these global regulators and their impact on other regulators is more complex process. There are several reports on the production of virulent factors that are precisely regulated by switching processes of multiple global regulators including some prominent accessory regulators such as agr, sae and sar which allows S. aureus to coordinate the gene expression, and thus, provide organism an ability to act collectively. This review implicates the mechanisms involved in the global regulation of various virulence factors along with a comprehensive discussion on the differences between these signal transduction systems, their auto-induction and, coordination of classical and some comparatively new bacterial signal transduction systems.

The SaeRS Two‐Component System of Staphylococcus aureus

“…The phosphoryl group is then transferred to Asp51 of SaeR, and the phosphorylated SaeR (SaeR-P) binds to SaeR binding sequence (SBS) and, in most cases, activates the transcription of the target genes. Due to its profound effects on staphylococcal virulence gene expression and pathogenesis, the SaeRS TCS (Sae system) has been a target of extensive research, and the roles of the TCS in virulence gene expression and staphylococcal pathogenesis are well documented and understood [15,16,17]. Therefore, in this article, we will review the literature focusing on the molecular mechanism of cell signaling.…”

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus communication in biofilm infections: insights through network and database construction

“…In line with this, it is essential to understand the full dynamics of action of the targeted virulence factor as well as the dynamics of production (Dickey et al 2017). The expression of certain virulence factors could be subjected to the control of several regulatory mechanisms other than the targeted QS system (Arya and Princy 2016). Figure 6 summarizes the antivirulence agents that have so far shown inhibitory effect against two major virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa and annotated as affecting S. aureus in biofilm settings, HQNO and siderophores (pyoverdine and pyochelin).…”

Research of Certain Pathogenic Characteristics of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci of Skin Biome

“…Of all the varieties of staphylococcus species, one of the most significant super bacteria is S. aureus, which is considered to be a highly-adherent microorganism [9,10]. This property is determined by three regulatory genes: the agr gene (accessory gene regulator), expr (exstracellular protein regulator), sar (staphylococcus accessory regulator) [1,11]. Staphylococci show a pronounced adhesive activity to the skin, are capable of intense invasion of tissues, significantly inhibit phagocytosis, are able to persist for a long time inside phagocytes [6,12].…”