Exploration of defined 2-dimensional working electrode shapes through additive manufacturing

Abstract

In this work, the electrochemical response of different morphologies (shapes) and dimensions of additively manufactured (3D-printing) carbon black(CB)/poly-lactic acid (PLA) electrodes are reported. The working electrodes (WE) are printed using...

Utilising bio-based plasticiser castor oil and recycled PLA for the production of conductive additive manufacturing feedstock and detection of bisphenol A

“…6,7 Recently, the idea of circular economy in electrochemistry was introduced, 8 focussing on using additive manufacturing within electrochemistry to produce electroanalytical sensing platforms. The use of additive manufacturing within electrochemistry has seen a sharp increase in the last decade due to its many benefits, such as low cost of equipment and consumables, rapid prototyping capabilities, the ability to explore complex electrode geometries without high manufacturing costs, 9,10 and low waste production, amongst other benefits. Due to the additive, layer-by-layer manufacturing methodology, there is a low (often zero) amount of waste produced per product compared to more established subtractive manufacturing technologies.…”

Electroanalytical Overview: The Determination of Levodopa (L-DOPA)

“…More recently, additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs) have been utilized for the production of electroanalytical platforms . In this way, AMEs of varying shapes and sizes can be 3D-printed and utilized in various systems, even with the electrodes printed within the cell walls. , Whittingham et al are the only report to date of an AME for the detection of L-DOPA, using it to show the proficiency of their 3D-printed rotating disc electrode and experimental setup. They report the use of additive manufacturing (AM) to produce both the rotator housing and disc electrode for their setup and compare this to a commercially purchased system with a GC rotating electrode.…”

Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Recycling Old Mixed Material Additively Manufactured Sensors into New Electroanalytical Sensing Platforms

“…One area in which AM is increasingly being used to produce single-use parts is the field of electrochemistry, with inexpensive fused filament fabrication (FFF) devices being used increasingly for the production of bespoke laboratory parts which might otherwise represent a significant cost . In particular, polymer composites filled with a conductive filler (commonly carbon black or graphene) are becoming increasingly popular with electrochemists for the production of cheap equipment, electrochemical cells, , and inventively designed electrodes. ,− However, the requirement for cleanliness to achieve repeatable measurements, especially with regard to the fouling of working electrodes, means that the AM devices used in electrochemistry are often discarded after one use. Simply put, since the typical polymer cells and electrodes made by the AM cost on the order of a few British pence and are known to be affected by cleaning solvents which can dissolve or be absorbed by the polymer material, in the short term it is generally easier and more economical to dispose of them.…”