Recent experimental work on the nephrotoxicity of contaminants in drinking water using laboratory mice, motivated by the need to understand the origin of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology is examined within our understanding of the hydration of ions and proteins. Qualitative considerations based on Hofmeister-type action of these ions, as well as quantitative electrochemical models for the Gibbs free-energy change for ion-pair formation are used to explain why Cd 2+ in the presence of F − and water hardness due to Mg 2+ ions (but not Ca 2+