Exploiting Temporal Correlation Mechanism for Designing Temperature-Aware Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Intrabody Nanonetworks

Abstract

An Intrabody Nanonetwork (IBNN) is composed of integrated nanoscale devices, implanted inside the human body to collect diagnostic information and tuning medical treatments. The non-invasive continuous monitoring and precision of these nanoscale devices in the diagnostic of diverse diseases is improving advanced monitoring, therapeutic, and telemedicine services. The unique feature constraints of these nanoscale devices (such as inadequate energy, storage, and computational resources) along with the molecular absorption thermal challenges due to Electromagnetic (EM) communication in the Terahertz band (THz) are the primary limitations in enabling efficient routing in IBNNs. Our proposed protocol explicitly addresses these challenges and proposes a routing scheme, which enables temperature-aware energy-efficient data transmission to avoid hotspot formation and controlled energy consumption. Furthermore, our proposed temporal correlation based data decision approach allows only those Nano Bio Sensors (NBSs) to transmit the periodic data packets that have updated information for avoiding unnecessary energy consumption and antenna radiation exposure on biological cells. The presented work also considers the instant data retrieval requirement of the healthcare system and introduces an on-demand data retrieval approach that ensures instant transmission of updated information to the healthcare system. The effectiveness of our proposed scheme is evaluated by comparing it with the flooding scheme and thermal-aware routing algorithm (TARA) using the Nano-SIM tool. The results obtained from extensive simulations validate that our proposed protocol achieves 75%-85 % low temperature rise and improved network lifetime. INDEX TERMS Energy-efficient, intrabody nanonetworks, molecular absorption noise, routing protocol, terahertz, temperature-aware.

A Review on the Immediate Advancement of the Internet of Things in Wireless Telecommunications

“…Nevertheless, integrating nanoscale devices with the IoTbased network states an innovative networking paradigm named the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) [216]. IoNT is a small-scale IoT, an ideal solution for medical applications and remote environmental monitoring, and is the most ongoing nano-scale network of interconnected physical objects with nano communication [27,66,68,[218][219][220][221][222]. Furthermore, IoNT is the interconnection of nano-scale devices (shown in Figure 9), existing communication technologies (for instance, sensors networks, big data analytics, cloud, and Fog computing), and the Internet to execute various operations such as sensing, computation, processing, etc.…”

“…Furthermore, IoNT is the interconnection of nano-scale devices (shown in Figure 9), existing communication technologies (for instance, sensors networks, big data analytics, cloud, and Fog computing), and the Internet to execute various operations such as sensing, computation, processing, etc. [222]. The infrastructure of IoNT is based on the bandwidth and the area of operation required by a specific application.…”

“…Due to the large size and high computational power the nanorouter(s), many nanosensors are associated with them to handle a cluster of nanosensors to combine and forward the data the nano-micro interface device. However, a function of nanomaterials at the non-ionized and safe Tera-Hertz (THz) gap or frequency band that is considered as the sensing and communication paradigm of nano-antennas within a range of 0.1 to 10 THz or 10 12 Hz (shown in Figure 11) [72], [222], [224], [225], [226], [230], [231], [232], [233], [234], [235]. Moreover, it supports very high transmission rates (Tbit/s), bandwidth, and throughput, and low latency in a short range (up to a few terabits per second and below one-meter distance) [70], [236].…”

“…In the first option, a single pulse consists of the entire event harvested energy that interconnects both event type and location information, while in the two pulses option, event harvested energy is categorized into two pulses by which the location information is conveyed before the event type information. Furthermore, in cluster-based nano-networks, several nano-devices, i.e., nano-actuators and nanosensors, are deployed with THz communication along with the proposed energy-efficient and fuzzy logic-based routing protocols for the Body Area Nano-Networks (BANN) [219], [222], [223], [227], [238], [248], [249]. In their proposed architectures, the nano-devices are clustered inside the human body i.e., leg, hand, back, and chest area, along with each independent nano-router to monitor and process the acquired data to the gateway; at this point, the data is remotely accessed via the Internet for further investigation and medicinal purposes.…”

TeraHertz Band Communication: An Old Problem Revisited and Research Directions for the Next Decade

“…In the context of intra-body THz communication networks, the molecular adsorption can result in temperature rise and the risk of tissue damage. Aiming at precluding this effect, by estimating the temperature rise, a temporal correlation-based algorithm is proposed [251]. As a result, the temperature rise is dramatically mitigated by 75%-85% with high energy efficiency.…”