Exploiting functional relationships in musical composition

Hoover, Amy K.; Stanley, Kenneth O.

doi:10.1080/09540090902733871

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Because CPPNs have exhibited the ability to encode spatial patterns with a natural appearance [7,29,30], an interesting possibility is that they could be successful at encoding patterns across time as well. In fact, their use in generating temporal music sequences [14,15] further supports this idea. After all, a pattern across space or a pattern across time is still just a pattern.…”

Section: Supg Approachmentioning

confidence: 53%

Single-unit pattern generators for quadruped locomotion

Morse

Risi

Snyder

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation

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Legged robots can potentially venture beyond the limits of wheeled vehicles. While creating controllers for such robots by hand is possible, evolutionary algorithms are an alternative that can reduce the burden of hand-crafting robotic controllers. Although major evolutionary approaches to legged locomotion can generate oscillations through popular techniques such as continuous time recurrent neural networks (CTRNNs) or sinusoidal input, they typically face a challenge in maintaining long-term stability. The aim of this paper is to address this challenge by introducing an effective alternative based on a new type of neuron called a singleunit pattern generator (SUPG). The SUPG, which is indirectly encoded by a compositional pattern producing network (CPPN) evolved by HyperNEAT, produces a flexible temporal activation pattern that can be reset and repeated at any time through an explicit trigger input, thereby allowing it to dynamically recalibrate over time to maintain stability. The SUPG approach, which is compared to CTRNNs and sinusoidal input, is shown to produce natural-looking gaits that exhibit superior stability over time, thereby providing a new alternative for evolving oscillatory locomotion.

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Section: Supg Approachmentioning

confidence: 53%

Single-unit pattern generators for quadruped locomotion

Morse

Risi

Snyder

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation

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“…FSMC significantly extends a previous theory of accompaniment generation by Hoover and Stanley [8], which focused exclusively on percussion accompaniment, by adding the ability to generate harmonization. The main insight behind FSMC is that different instrumental parts in musical compositions are functionally related to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In contrast, some approaches incorporate humans through interactive evolutionary computation (IEC [22]) to address the inherent subjectivity in musical judgments [9,13,3,4,8,24]. The idea is that humans can rate candidate accompaniments rather than an explicit fitness function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IEC can encompass a variety of digital media [15,22], including images [11,26,6], movies [25], three dimensional models [14], and music [9,13,3,4,8,24]. GenJam is an example IEC application in which users help to build improvisational accompaniments or soloists by rating the measures and phrases as either good or bad [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…scaffold) to generate percussion accompaniment [8,7]. Each rhythm in NEAT Drummer is represented by a CPPN [19] and evolved interactively through the NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) method [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactively evolving harmonies through functional scaffolding

Hoover

Szerlip

Stanley

2011

Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation

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While the real-time focus of today's automated accompaniment generators can benefit instrumentalists and vocalists in their practice, improvisation, or performance, an opportunity remains specifically to assist novice composers. This paper introduces a novel such approach based on evolutionary computation called functional scaffolding for musical composition (FSMC), which helps the user explore potential accompaniments for existing musical pieces, or scaffolds. The key idea is to produce accompaniment as a function of the scaffold, thereby inheriting from its inherent style and texture. To implement this idea, accompaniments are represented by a special type of neural network called a compositional pattern producing network (CPPN), which produces harmonies by elaborating on and exploiting regularities in pitches and rhythms found in the scaffold. This paper focuses on how inexperienced composers can personalize accompaniments by first choosing any MIDI scaffold, then selecting which parts (e.g. the piano, guitar, or bass guitar) the CPPN can hear, and finally customizing and refining the computer-generated accompaniment through an interactive process of selection and mutation of CPPNs called interactive evolutionary computation (IEC). The potential of this approach is demonstrated by following the evolution of a specific accompaniment and studying whether listeners appreciate the results.

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Music and Human-Computer Interaction

Holland¹,

Wilkie²,

Mulholland³

et al. 2013

Springer Series on Cultural Computing

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Musical instruments have a property of long-term engagement: people frequently become so engaged with them that they practice and play them for years, despite receiving no compensation other than enjoyment. We examine this phenomenon by analysing how the intrinsic motives mastery, autonomy, and purpose are built into the design of musical instruments; because, according to the self-determination theory of motivation, these three motives impact whether an activity might be found enjoyable. This analysis resulted in the identification of seven abstract qualities, inherent to the activity of music making or to the design of musical instruments, which contribute to the three intrinsic motives. These seven qualities can be treated as heuristics for the design of human-computer interfaces that have long-term engagement. These heuristics can be used throughout the design process, from the preliminary stage of idea generation to the evaluation stage of finished prototypes. Interfaces with instrument-like long-term engagement would be useful in many applications, both inside and outside the realm of music: they seem particularly suited for applications based on the attainment of long-term goals, which can be found in fields such as physical fitness, rehabilitation, education, and many others. In this chapter, we discuss an interface prototype we created and its pending evaluation. This interface, a rehabilitative rhythm game, serves as a case study showing how the heuristics might be used during the design process.

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Exploiting functional relationships in musical composition

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

Single-unit pattern generators for quadruped locomotion

Single-unit pattern generators for quadruped locomotion

Interactively evolving harmonies through functional scaffolding

Music and Human-Computer Interaction

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