Exploiting fruit byproducts for eco-friendly nanosynthesis: Citrus × clementina peel extract mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles with high efficacy against microbial pathogens and rat glial tumor C6 cells

Abstract

Process byproducts from the fruit industry may represent a cheap and reliable source of green reducing agents to be used in current bio-nanosynthesis. This study reports the use of orange (Citrus × clementina) peel aqueous extract (OPE) for one-pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with high effectiveness against various microbial pathogens as well as rat glial tumor C6 cells. The effects of various operational parameters on the synthesis of AgNPs were systematically investigated. The morphology, particle size, and properties of synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the nanoparticles are mostly spherical in shape and monodispersed, with an average particle size of 15-20 nm. Notably, the OPE-synthesized AgNPs were stable up to 6 months without change in their properties. Low doses of OPE-AgNPs inhibited the growth of human pathogens Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of AgNPs against selected pathogenic bacteria were determined. OPE-AgNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity in terms of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging (IC 49.6 μg/mL) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging (IC 63.4 μg/mL). OPE-AgNPs showed dose-dependent response against rat glial tumor C6 cells (LD 60 μg/mL) showing a promising potential as anticancer agents. Overall, the current investigation highlighted a cheap green technology route to synthesize AgNPs using OPE byproducts and could potentially be utilized in biomedical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry.

Exploiting antidiabetic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Punica granatum leaves and anticancer potential against human liver cancer cells (HepG2)

“…The anticancer activity was directly dosedependent, demonstrating the pivotal role of the AgNPs concentration. Our results collaborated earlier observations with AgNPs against MCF-7 breast cancer cells [44], rat glial tumor C6 cells [11], Dalton's lymphoma ascites [45], lung A-549 carcinoma cells [46], lung cancer cell lines (A549) and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) [47], colon cancer cell lines (HT29) [48] and the HepG2 liver cancer cell line [43]. The inhibitory mechanism of AgNPs against cancer cell lines has not been well known.…”

“…The results were expressed as the IC 50 values (effective concentration showing 50% inhibition of activity). The scavenging percentages of DPPH and ABTS þ radicals by the NPs were calculated using the formula reported earlier [11,22]:…”

“…There are various treatment options including surgery, radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs but during this treatment mostly kill healthy cells and produces toxicity. The rapidly developing field of various nanomaterials and nanodevices using AgNPs has increased the possibility for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer with least adverse effects [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Quality and antioxidant potential of byproducts from refining of fruit pulp

“…As suggested by Saratale et al (2017), the recovered biomolecules from byproducts and that are related to biological properties, such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavorings, pigments and thickening agents, can be a wide field of exploitation for producing functional foods or additives in food products to extend their shelf-life besides medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations. And the chemical composition of byproducts from refining studied in this work revealed some of them as a promising source of compounds that can be used for their nutritional properties and biological potential.…”

“…This perspective has arisen an interest in the use of byproducts, which also brings an opportunity to prospect chemical compounds for new uses (Damiani et al, 2012;Figueiredo, 2010;Drdoñez-Santos et al, 2014;Pereira et al, 2013;Saratale et al, 2017;Silva et al, 2012;Sousa et al, 2011).…”