Exploiting Concurrent Wake-Up Transmissions Using Beat Frequencies

Kumberg, Timo; Schindelhauer, Christian; Reindl, L.

doi:10.3390/s17081717

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Unlike Glossy, Zippy uses an asynchronous wake-up flooding. In [28] the problem of Rayleigh fading for synchronized identical signals is addressed by producing a low frequency wake-up signal, which results from the beat frequency of closely chosen frequencies. This allows the usage of a passive receiver technology.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, no research so far has evaluated the asymptotic number of rounds to cover the disk using cooperative broadcast using MIMO, which is the main focus of this work. While [8,26,28,27] use only simulation and [30,29,9] prove all their statements only for the expectation in the continuum limit, i.e. when the number of nodes approaches infinity.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We now estimate for d ≥ c f λ + 1: In line (28) we use the definition of h d,λ (2) and then apply Lemma 16. We apply the Hoeffding bound (Theorem 2 of [36]), which states for n independently distributed random variables X j ∈ R strictly bounded by the intervals [a j , b j ]: .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Collaborative Broadcast in $$\mathcal {O}(\log \log n)$$ Rounds

Schindelhauer

Oak

Janson

2019

Algorithms for Sensor Systems

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We consider the multihop broadcasting problem for n nodes placed uniformly at random in a disk and investigate the number of hops required to transmit a signal from the central node to all other nodes under three communication models: Unit-Disk-Graph (UDG), Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR), and the wave superposition model of multiple input/multiple output (MIMO). In the MIMO model, informed nodes cooperate to produce a stronger superposed signal. We do not consider the problem of transmitting a full message nor do we consider interference with other messages. In each round, the informed senders try to deliver to other nodes the required signal strength such that the received signal can be distinguished from the noise. We assume a sufficiently high node density ρ = Ω(log n) in order to launch the broadcasting process. In the unit-disk graph model, broadcasting takes O( n/ρ) rounds. In the other models, we use an Expanding Disk Broadcasting Algorithm, where in a round only triggered nodes within a certain distance from the initiator node contribute to the broadcasting operation. This algorithm achieves a broadcast in only O log n log ρ rounds in the SNR-model. Adapted to the MIMO model, it broadcasts within O(log log n − log log ρ) rounds. All bounds are asymptotically tight and hold with high probability, i.e. 1 − n −O(1) .

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collaborative Broadcast in $$\mathcal {O}(\log \log n)$$ Rounds

Schindelhauer

Oak

Janson

2019

Algorithms for Sensor Systems

Self Cite

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“…However, resulting from the passive demodulation, wake-up receivers usually exhibit a lower sensitivity than communication radios [ 6 , 9 , 10 ]. To improve robustness and reliability of wake-up messages, Kumberg et al presented in [ 11 ] a technique to transmit concurrent wake-up messages by purposefully interfering signals of two or more wireless sensor nodes. This creates a wake-up signal by using the beat frequency of the superposed and slightly out of tune carrier signals and increases the transmitted signal strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wake-Up Receiver with Equal-Gain Antenna Diversity

Kumberg

Tannhaeuser

Reindl

2017

Sensors

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Small scale fading signals resulting from multipath propagation can cause signal strength variations in the range of several dB. Resulting from the fluctuating signal strengths, the wake-up packet reception rate can decrease significantly. Using antenna diversity can greatly mitigate these effects. This article presents a novel wireless sensor node with wake-up receiver that uses an equal-gain diversity method with two antennas in the wake-up path. Summation of the two diversity branch signals is done after the passive demodulation of the incoming signals. As a result, the wireless sensor node requires almost no additional active parts that would increase power consumption. Furthermore, we demonstrate experimentally the improved wake-up robustness and reliability achieved by this diversity technique in a multipath environment.

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“…WuR systems need an extra hardware development, constituting a disadvantage when compared to D.C. approaches, concerning cost and energy-efficiency. Furthermore, the WuRx presents low receiving sensitivity (e.g., -55dBm, 50m, 10 kbps [17]), due to the passive demodulation of the carrier signal [77] and the low power consumption in WuRx designs-operating in the micro-Watts order [62], even in the order of nano-Watts [78,79] that can be supplied using energy-harvesting techniques (e.g., radio-triggered [80]), not requiring any energy consumption from the SNs [74].…”

Section: Wur Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for multimodal wireless sensor networks

King¹

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a widely used solution for monitoring oriented applications (e.g., water quality on watersheds, pollution monitoring in cities). These kinds of applications are characterized by the necessity of two data-reporting modes: time-driven and event-driven. The former is used mainly for continually supervising an area and the latter for event detection and tracking. By switching between both modes, a WSN can improve its energy-efficiency and event reporting latency, compared to single data-reporting schemes. We refer to those WSNs, where both data-reporting modes are required simultaneously, as MultiModal Wireless Sensor Networks (M2WSNs).M2WSNs arise as a solution for the trade-off between energy savings and event reporting latency in those monitoring oriented applications where regular and emergency reporting are required simultaneously. The multimodality in these M2WSNs allows sensor nodes to perform data-reporting in two possible schemes, time-driven and event-driven, according to the circumstances, providing higher energy savings and better reporting results when compared to traditional schemes. Traditionally, sophisticated power-aware wake-up schemes have been employed to achieve energy efficiency in WSNs, such as low-duty cycling protocols using a single radio architecture. These protocols achieve good results regarding energy savings, but they suffer from idle-listening and overhearing issues, that make them not reliable for most ultra-low-power demanding applications, especially, those deployed in hostile and unattended environments. Currently, Wake-up Radio Receivers (WuRx) based protocols, under a dual-radio architecture and always-on operation, are emerging as a solution to overcome these issues, promising higher energy consumption reduction and reliability in terms of latency and packet-delivery-ratio compared to classic wake-up protocols. By combining different transceivers and reporting protocols regarding energy efficiency and reliability, multimodality in M2WSNs is achieved.This dissertation proposes a conceptual framework for M2WSNs that integrates the goodness of both data-reporting schemes and the Wake-up Radio (WuR) paradigm-data periodicity, responsiveness, and energy-efficiency-, that might be suitable for monitoring oriented applications with low bandwidth requirements, that operates under normal circumstances and emergencies. The framework follows a layered approach, where each layer aims to v fulfill specific tasks based on its information, the functions provided by its adjacent layers, and the information resulted from the cross-layer interactions. The main contributions of this dissertation are:• The concept of M2WSNs is introduced from the data-reporting perspective and a taxonomy of energy-efficient and responsive techniques for M2WSNs is proposed.• An energy consumption estimation model for M2WSNs is proposed that considers the behavior and performance of wake-up protocols based on WuRx in multi-hop communications. The model is compared to traditional lo...

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Exploiting Concurrent Wake-Up Transmissions Using Beat Frequencies

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Collaborative Broadcast in $$\mathcal {O}(\log \log n)$$ Rounds

Collaborative Broadcast in $$\mathcal {O}(\log \log n)$$ Rounds

Wake-Up Receiver with Equal-Gain Antenna Diversity

A framework for multimodal wireless sensor networks

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